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168<br />

27. Bickerstaffe, K. & Walker, G. Public<br />

understanding of air pollution: the ‘localisation’<br />

of environmental <strong>risk</strong>. Global Environmental<br />

Change 11(2), 133-<strong>14</strong>5 (2001)<br />

28. Niemeyer, S., Petts, J. & Hobson, K. Rapid<br />

climate change and society; assessing<br />

responses and thresholds. Risk Analysis 26(6),<br />

<strong>14</strong>43-<strong>14</strong>56, 2005<br />

29. Siegrist, M. & Gutscher, H. Flooding <strong>risk</strong>s: a<br />

comparison of lay people’s perceptions and<br />

experts’ assessments in Switzerland. Risk<br />

Analysis 26(4), 971-79 (2006)<br />

30. Petts, J. Health, responsibility, and choice:<br />

contrasting negotiations of air pollution and<br />

immunisation information. Environment and<br />

Planning A. 37, 791-804 (2005)<br />

31. Roco, M.C. Possibilities for global governace of<br />

converging technologies. Journal of Nanoparticle<br />

Research 10, 11-29 (2008)<br />

32. Owen, R., Stilgoe, J., Macnaghten, P., Gorman,<br />

M., Fischer, E & Guston, D. A Framework<br />

for Responsible Innovation. In: Responsible<br />

Innovation: Managing the Responsible Emergence<br />

of Science and Innovation in Society, R. Owen,<br />

J. Bessant & M. Heintz (eds), pp. 27-50 (John<br />

Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 2013)<br />

33. Lee, R.G. & Petts, J. Adaptive Governance<br />

for Responsible Innovation. In: Responsible<br />

Innovation: Managing the Responsible Emergence<br />

of Science and Innovation in Society, R. Owen, J.<br />

Bessant & M. Heintz (eds), pp. <strong>14</strong>3-164 (John<br />

Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 2013)<br />

34. Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution<br />

Novel Materials in the Environment: The Case of<br />

Nanotechnology. 27 th Report. (The Stationary<br />

Office, London, 2008)<br />

35. Guston, D. & Sarewitz, D. Real-time technology<br />

assessment. Technology in Society 24(1-2), 93-<br />

109, 2002.<br />

36. Sykes, K & Macnaghten, P. Responsible<br />

Innovation – Opening up Dialog and<br />

Debate. In: Responsible Innovation: Managing<br />

the Responsible Emergence of Science and<br />

Innovation in Society, R. Owen, J. Bessant & M.<br />

Heintz (eds), pp. 85-107 (John Wiley & Sons,<br />

Chichester, 2013)<br />

37. Bull, R; Petts, J. & Evans, J. The importance<br />

of context for effective public engagement:<br />

learning from the governance of waste. Journal<br />

of Environmental Planning and Management<br />

53(8), 991-1010 (2010)<br />

38. Murdock, G., Petts, J. & Horlick-Jones, T.<br />

After amplification: rethinking the role of<br />

the media in <strong>risk</strong> communication. In: The<br />

Social Amplification of Risk , N, Pidgeon, R.E.<br />

Kasperson & P. Slovic (eds); pp. 156-178.<br />

(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,<br />

2003)<br />

Chapter 9 Case Study: MMR, Bowel Disease,<br />

Autism and Measles<br />

1. Wakefield AJ, Pittilo RM, Sim R. Evidence of<br />

persistent measles virus infection in Crohn’s<br />

disease. J Med Virol 39:345–353, 1993.<br />

2. Farrington P, Miller E. Measles vaccination as<br />

a <strong>risk</strong> factor for inflammatory bowel disease.<br />

Lancet 345:1362, 1995.<br />

3. Feeney M, Ciegg A, Winwood P, Snook J. A<br />

case control study of measles vaccination and<br />

inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet 350:764–<br />

766, 1997<br />

4. Wakefield A, Murch SH, Anthony A, et al. Ileallymphoid-nodular<br />

hyperplasia, non-specific<br />

colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder<br />

in children. Lancet 351:637–641, 1998.<br />

5. Chadwick N, Bruce IJ, Schepelmann S, et<br />

al. Measles virus RNA is not detected in<br />

inflammatory bowel disease using hybrid<br />

capture and reverse transcription followed<br />

by the polymerase chain reaction. J Med Virol<br />

55:305–311, 1998.<br />

6. Cedillo & Cedillo vs. Secretary of Health and<br />

Human Services, No. 98-916V, 57-58 (United<br />

States Court of Federal Claims, 2009): http://<br />

www.autism-watch.org/omnibus/cedillo.pdf<br />

7. Taylor B, Miller E, Farrington CP, et al.<br />

Autism and measles, mumps and rubella:<br />

no epidemiological <strong>evidence</strong> for a causal<br />

association. Lancet 353:2026–2029, 1999.<br />

8. Fombonne E, Chakrabarti S. No <strong>evidence</strong><br />

for a new variant of measles-mumps-rubellainduced<br />

autism. Pediatrics 108(suppl 4):E58,<br />

2001.<br />

9. Medical Research Council. MRC Review of<br />

Autism Research: Epidemiology and Causes.<br />

London, Medical Research Council, 2001.<br />

Online. Available at: http://www.mrc.ac.uk/pdfautism-report.pdf.<br />

10. Dales L, Hammer SJ, Smith NJ. Time trends in<br />

autism and in MMR immunization coverage in<br />

California. JAMA 285:1183–1185, 2001.<br />

11. Farrington CP, Miller E, Taylor B. MMR and<br />

autism: further <strong>evidence</strong> against a causal<br />

association. Vaccine 19:3632–3665, 2001.<br />

12. Taylor B, Miller E, Lingam R, et al. Measles,<br />

mumps, and rubella vaccination and bowel<br />

problems or developmental regression in<br />

children with autism: population study. BMJ<br />

324:393–396, 2002.<br />

13. Madsen KM, Hviid A, Vestergaard M, et al. A<br />

population-based study of measles, mumps,<br />

and rubella vaccination and autism. N Engl J<br />

Med 347:<strong>14</strong>77–<strong>14</strong>82, 2002.<br />

<strong>14</strong>. Smeeth L, Cook C, Fombonne E, et al. MMR<br />

vaccination and pervasive developmental<br />

disorders: a case-control study. Lancet 364<br />

(9438):963–9, 2004.<br />

15. Ramsay ME, Yarwood J, Lewis D, et al. Parental<br />

confidence in measles, mumps, and rubella<br />

vaccine: <strong>evidence</strong> from vaccine coverage and<br />

attitudinal surveys. Br J Gen Pract 52:912–916,<br />

2002.<br />

16. Effects of media reporting on MMR coverage.<br />

Commun Dis Rep CDR Wkly 12(35):30, 2002.<br />

17. Tracking mothers attitudes to childhood<br />

immunisation 1991-2001. Yarwood J, Noakes<br />

K, Kennedy D, Campbell H, Salisbury D M.<br />

Vaccine 2005;23(48049):5670-87.<br />

18. Drop in MMR jabs blamed on media<br />

scare (1998): http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/<br />

health/120277.stm<br />

19. Mason,BW and Donnelly PD Impact of a<br />

local newspaper campaign on the uptake of<br />

the measles mumps and rubella vaccine J<br />

Epidemiol Community Health 2000;54:473-<br />

474 doi:10.1136/jech.54.6.473<br />

20. NHS Immunisation Statistics England 2012–13:<br />

https://catalogue.ic.nhs.uk/publications/<br />

public-health/immunisation/nhs-immu-stat-<br />

eng-2012-2013/nhs-immu-stat-eng-2012-13-<br />

rep.pdf<br />

21. Ramsay ME et al. The Elimination of Indigenous<br />

Measles Transmission in England and Wales<br />

J. Infect. Dis. 2003; 187 (Supplement 1):<br />

S198-S207. doi: 10.1086/368024<br />

22. MMR doctor struck from register (2010):<br />

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8695267.stm<br />

Chapter 10: Managing Existential Risk from<br />

Emerging Technologies<br />

1. Beckstead, Nick et. al. (20<strong>14</strong>). “Unprecedented<br />

Technological Risks,” Working paper. Oxford<br />

University, Future of Humanity Institute.<br />

2. Office for National Statistics. (2012).<br />

“Mortality in England and Wales: Average<br />

lifespan, 2010.” Available online at http://www.<br />

ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/mortality-ageing/mortalityin-england-and-wales/average-life-span/rptaverage-life-span.html<br />

3. Matheny, Jason G. (2007) “Reducing the <strong>risk</strong> of<br />

human extinction.” Risk analysis 27, 1335-1344,<br />

p. 1336.<br />

4. For more detail, see Bostrom, Nick, and Milan<br />

M. Cirkovic, eds. (2008). Global catastrophic<br />

<strong>risk</strong>s. Oxford University Press.<br />

5. Jackson, Ronald J., et al. (2001). “Expression<br />

of mouse interleukin-4 by a recombinant<br />

ectromelia virus suppresses cytolytic<br />

lymphocyte responses and overcomes genetic<br />

resistance to mousepox.” Journal of Virology 75:<br />

1205-1210;<br />

Nowak, R. “Disaster in the making.” New<br />

Scientist; January 13, 2001.<br />

Ramshaw, I. XIII International Poxvirus and<br />

Iridovirus Symposium, Montpellier, France;<br />

September 2000.<br />

6. Buller, R.M.L. Smallpox BioSecurity: Preventing<br />

the Unthinkable, Geneva, Switzerland; October<br />

21–22, 2003.<br />

7. Imai, M. et al. “Experimental Adaptation of an<br />

Influenza H5 HA Confers Respiratory Droplet<br />

Transmission to a Reassortant H5 HA /H1N1<br />

Virus in Ferrets,” Nature 486, 420–428; June<br />

21, 2012.<br />

8. Fouchier, Ron et al. (2013). “Avian flu: Gainof-function<br />

experiments on H7N9.” Nature<br />

500,150–151.<br />

9. Lipsitch M, Galvani AP. (20<strong>14</strong>). “Ethical<br />

Alternatives to Experiments with Novel<br />

Potential Pandemic Pathogens.” PLoS Med<br />

11(5): e1001646.<br />

10. Church, George. (2004). A synthetic biohazard<br />

non-proliferation proposal, Cambridge, MA:<br />

Havard University. URL: http://arep.med.<br />

harvard.edu/SBP/Church_Biohazard04c.htm.<br />

11. Posner, Richard. (2004). Catastrophe: Risk<br />

and Response. p. 5. (Oxford University Press,<br />

Oxford).<br />

12. Myhrvold, Nathan. (2013). “Strategic Terrorism:<br />

A Call to Action,” in the Lawfare research<br />

paper series.<br />

13. Rees, Martin. (2003). Our Final Century.<br />

(Heinemann, London).<br />

<strong>14</strong>. Ibid. p. 48.<br />

15. For example, variants of a framework called<br />

AIXI have learned how to play a variety of off<br />

the shelf computer games just from access<br />

to a video stream of the computer screen<br />

and trial and error. Bellemare, Marc et al.<br />

(2013). “The Arcade Learning Environment: an<br />

evaluation platform for general agents.” Journal<br />

of Artificial Intelligence Research 47:253–79.<br />

16. For the most detailed discussion of this<br />

set of issues, see Bostrom, Nick. (20<strong>14</strong>).<br />

Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies.<br />

Oxford University Press. For related<br />

arguments, also see:

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