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142 Box 2 – ETNO Declaration We, the 45 member companies of the European Public Telecommunications Network Operators’ Association, welcome efforts by the ITU-T sector to develop global standards which could have a strong impact on the future of our industry. We have been in Montreal this week to underline our support for the work of the ITU, which provides for a unique global partnership between governments and industry. However, we believe that the ITU-T should be a more commercially oriented organization designed to promote telecommunication services of value for both developed and developing countries. Necessary changes should be implemented rapidly as our member companies must deal with the realities of today’s fast-changing marketplace. At week’s end, we remain seriously concerned over the exceedingly slow pace of change that does not reflect the “drastic changes” called for by the Secretary General of the ITU at the outset of this assembly. For the ITU to remain relevant, the industry sector must be given a stronger voice. Far too much debate during this assembly has been taken up with procedural matters rather than focusing on technical standardisation issues. For the first time ever, some of our member companies are not participating in this assembly out of frustration with the slow pace of the ITU reform process. The next plenipotentiary gathering in Morocco will be critical to the future of the ITU. Unless we see more evidence of meaningful reform, our member companies will increasingly consider other standardisation bodies to develop specifications and standards. Still we rely on the understanding and sense of compromise of a majority of visionary member states that will allow the ITU-T to develop into a more efficient standardisation body without detracting from the ITU’s strength and values also fully recognised by ETNO Members. We would also like to express our sincere appreciation for those member states who support us in finding a good way for acting together in the future. Montreal, October 2000 tion is expressed in the various phases of the procedure, a Recommendation might be approved within two months from the time when the text is mature. The AAP will be applicable upon the termination of the WTSA. It remains to be seen whether the AAP will be successfully applied in the T- Sector. The TSB will make use of electronic means in the consultation of Member States and Sector Members. 7 Associates The Plenipotentiary Conference, Minneapolis, 1998, introduced a new category of participants known as Associates to enable small entities or organisations to take part in the work of ITU’s three sectors. WTSA confirmed that Associates are entitled to take part in the work of one selected single Study Group of ITU-T. The WTSA participants hope that this new category of membership will encourage smaller companies, institutions and organisations to take part in ITU-T activities. The Council has decided that the annual amount of financial contribution for Associates will be 10,500 Swiss Francs (1/6 of the 2001 financial contribution of a Sector Member). 8 Resolution on ITU-T Reform It was agreed that WTSA should offer an opinion and advice on the future organisation of global standardisation activities as an input to the ongoing work of ITU’s Working Group on ITU Reform (WGR) to consider a new global standardisation entity under the umbrella of ITU. The European contribution endorsed the idea that all technical standardisation in the ITU should take place in one single body and secondly, that a possible new entity dealing with global standardisation should be within the ITU, but not necessarily within the ITU-T as proposed by Canada. The WTSA adopted a resolution focusing on issues relating to technical standardisation and lists a number of key attributes considered important for the successful continuation of a global standardisation body such as openness, transparency, visibility, consensus based approval and responsiveness to the needs both of the market and the developing countries. TSAG is encouraged to support the work of the Working Group on ITU Reform and Member States are requested to make input on these issues to the next Plenipotentiary Conference. 9 Draft Recommendation Diii on International Internet Connection In exceptional cases draft Recommendations are submitted to WTSA for approval. There is a tendency that this procedure is used for contentious draft Recommendations. At a WTSA approval by formal vote can be done by simple majority. The draft Recommendation Diii on cost sharing for international Internet traffic was one of the most controversial issues of the whole Assembly. The Recommendation put forward by SG3 aimed at setting down a principle for the equitable cost sharing of international Internet connections. The opponents to the Recommendation feared that the Recommendation might impact on the development of the Internet if it imposed a given result on commercially negotiated agreements. There was a sharp divide between the US and a number of industrialised countries and the rest of the world. Europe’s proposal of an alternative text was rejected. It would have been preferable to have the text sent back to the SG for further work. Telektronikk 1.2001
The resulting solution was a redrafted text slightly more watered down than the European text. The approved Recommendation states that “administrations involved in the provision of international Internet connections negotiate and agree to bilateral commercial arrangements enabling direct international Internet connections that take into account the possible need for compensation between them for the value of elements such as traffic flow, number of routes, geographical coverage and cost of international transmission amongst others”. The overall interpretation of this text was that international Internet connections remain commercial agreements. The US and Greece made reservations that they did not intend to apply this Recommendation in their international charging arrangements. It should be emphasised that all ITU-T Recommendations are voluntary and do not form part of any intergovernmental treaty. The Member States are not formally bound to observe the Recommendations, but in practice quite a few players will normally refer to ITU-T Recommendations as the recognised way forward. 10 European Co-ordination during WTSA Both CEPT and ETNO had extended co-operation meetings during the Assembly. For the first time CEPT had made a concerted effort to prepare European views ahead of the WTSA. However, during the Assembly it became evident that a number of European Member States had quite differing views and it was extremely difficult to obtain the necessary commitment from all the CEPT members to pursue a specific direction of action. Although five European contributions were formally submitted to the WTSA, some of the European players were not in agreement and Italy and Greece spoke against the contributions in the formal meetings. The disagreement within CEPT gave a signal to the outside world that CEPT was not united in its approach to the WTSA issues and this might have given other regions the opportunity to divide Europe and take advantage of the situation. ETNO issued a declaration at the end of the WTSA expressing their concern on the slow pace of change adopted by the Assembly that does not meet the call for rapid change as underlined by the Secretary General in his opening speech. Much of the debate at the Assembly revolved around procedural matters and did not concentrate on strategic standardisation issues. ETNO aims at giving private industry (i.e. Sector Members) a more active role in the overall management of the ITU-T. Telektronikk 1.2001 Box 3 – Abbreviations AAP Alternative Approval Procedure CEPT Conférence Européenne des Administrations des Postes et des Télécommunications EICTA European Information and Communications Technology Industry Association ETNO European Telecommunications Public Network Operators’ Association IETF Internet Engineering Task Force IMT-2000 International Mobile Communications 2000 IP Internet Protocol IT Information technology ITU International Telecommunication Union ITU-T Telecommunication Standardization Sector PP98 Plenipotentiary Conference 1998 PPs Partnership Projects SDO Standards Development Organisation SG Study Group SSG Special Study Group TSAG Telecommunication Standardization Advisory Group TSB Telecommunication Standardization Bureau WGR Working Group on ITU Reform WTSA World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly 3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project 143
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Telektronikk Volume 97 No. 1 - 2001
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Per Hjalmar Lehne (42) obtained his
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Stein Svaet (41) is Senior Research
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Pbit/day 6 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 F
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8 Video communication as a utility
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10 The idea of reconfigurable mobil
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12 Switched lobe Dynamically phased
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Figure 10 The All IP vision Figure
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16 The IP world has some problems t
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18 Abbreviations and acronyms less
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Jorge Pereira (40) obtained his Eng
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(Millions) Figure 1 Exponential gro
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24 Defining Generation based upon D
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Multi-mode Terminal by Software Rad
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distribution layer possible return
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30 A Co-Ordinated Approach to 4G As
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Figure 2 Applications will grow fas
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Figure 5 Evolution from multi-mode
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Operator/Provider download librarie
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Radio network subsystem - service c
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Dr. Techn. Jørgen Bach Andersen (6
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Figure 3 Two arrays with M and N el
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Figure 5 Cumulative probability dis
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Figure 8 As in Figure 5, but with F
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48 Conclusion The challenge of prov
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50 models are described simply by a
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52 ping intervals or “quantizatio
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Figure 3 ASE as a function of the a
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56 7 Conclusion and Further Researc
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Dave Wisely (39) graduated in 1982
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Figure 2 Business case study Figure
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Figure 6 BRAIN QoS architecture 62
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64 4 BRAIN homepage. (2001, March 6
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Figure 2 The Bluetooth protocol sta
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Figure 5 A Bluetooth radio module i
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70 • Instant postcard: A Bluetoot
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72 work visions come true, it is ne
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Table 1 Allocated HiperLAN bands (i
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Figure 4 Basic MAC frame structure
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78 Preamble BCH FCH ACHs Preamble S
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throughput bit/s 80 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0
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82 5 References 1 CEPT. ERC Decisio
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84 IETF Internet Engineering Task F
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Figure 2-3 Mobile IPv6 architecture
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88 domain, it attaches to a new lea
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90 Domain GFA/MAP Figure 3-3 Archit
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