Wireless Future - Telenor

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Figure 6 BRAIN QoS architecture 62 App´s QoS IP QoS IP IP Radio QoS H2 MAC H2 MAC boundary ([15], [16]). This interface will attempt to standardise the way layer 2 access technologies interface to the IP layer – to support handover and QoS at both layers in a generic way. It is possible to perform all hand-over, QoS and security at the IP layer but this is inefficient when compared to a close co-operation between layers 2 and 3. However, only by standardising the IP2W (IP to Wireless) interface these efficiencies can really be exploited for a range of access technologies. In the case of HIPER- LAN/2 a convergence layer will be written (see below) to implement the interface but, equally, Bluetooth or 802.11 link layers could be supported. If the mobile host moves to another domain – either supporting another access technology or belonging to another authority – a macro-mobility protocol, such as Mobile IP, could be used to provide seamless handover. One of the research areas of the BRAIN is to look at service adaptation when, for example, a hand-over between HIPERLAN/2 and UMMTS/GPRS takes place. The adaptation will be achieved by co-operation between the terminal software and elements in the network. In a similar way the BAN will support network QoS. In the same way that the BRAIN has produced an evaluation framework for mobility protocols so it has for QoS protocols. Current QoS schemes under evaluation include: IntServ, IntServ within the BAN only, DiffServ with bounded delay and IntServ over DiffServ. IntServ is useful at the edge of the network where the traffic becomes “lumpy” and a single large multimedia stream can dominate the local flows. Another area of research is how far the mobility management and QoS protocols should be coupled. Tightly coupled protocols tend to be inflexible, uncoupled protocols inefficient, and so we are looking at a loose coupling between the two. The BAN is also responsible for the radio resource management and admission control parts of QoS. end-to-end QoS BRAIN Access Network App´s QoS IP QoS IP IP Radio QoS H2 MAC H2 MAC The Air Interface BRAIN has chosen a Wireless LAN standard – HIPERLAN/2 – as the basis for its broadband radio interface. The BRAIN project will define enhancements to the Physical and Data Link Control (DLC) layers as well as define a BRAIN-specific convergence layer in order to make HIPERLAN/2 suitable for IP transport in the usage scenarios we have outlined and, thus, to implement the BRAIN QoS architecture depicted in Figure 6. Since HIPERLAN/2 will operate in unlicensed spectrum and is intended to provide fixed network QoS, there is a need to optimize the system not only with respect to bandwidth efficiency – as it is usually done for systems designed for licensed deployment – but also with respect to transmission robustness, aiming to maintain the required QoS over the duration of an active link. The combination and joint optimisation of layer 2 scheduling (on DLC level), link adaptation and selected physical layer enhancements such as multiple antenna concepts offer the possibility to maintain the desired QoS for different classes of traffic and, thus, protect especially real-time applications from delays due to re-transmissions and due to unpredictable errors on the wireless link. Specifically the BRAIN-enhanced HIPER- LAN/2 system will support: • Efficient transport of IP packets for all multimedia applications; • A QoS service to the IP network layer; • Network layer mobility management protocols – e.g. by providing paging; • Hand-over of users to other BRAIN Wireless routers (horizontal hand-over) as well as non- BRAIN networks (vertical hand-over) – with minimum delay/loss of packets; • Unicast, Multicast and Broadcast services; • A transparent service to the IP layer. At the physical layer the BRAIN will look at adaptive antennas, receiver diversity and smart antenna techniques to improve system robustness. In addition turbo codes and adaptive modulation will be analysed as further optimisation for HIPERLAN/2 aiming at an efficient use of spectrum ([17]). Both an increase in system robustness and spectrum efficiency will contribute to improving QoS for IP traffic. Telektronikk 1.2001
Classified by Type of Service At the DLC layer dynamic channel allocation and link adaptation algorithms will be implemented – the modulation scheme being matched to the prevailing radio environment and the IP traffic requirements (e.g. QoS for instance in terms of low latency or low loss). The DLC will also feature a packet scheduler (Figure 7) to implement QoS over the radio link, this will take inputs from the interface between the convergence layer and the IP layer to interpret the IntServ and DiffServ messages and implement the appropriate QoS at the DLC layer. Conclusion This paper has provided an overview about some major achievements of the BRAIN project during the first year of its lifetime. The overall aim of this period was to design an access system which is optimised across application, network, and air interface layer with regard to QoS and mobility management. The following technical achievements have been highlighted: Usage scenarios and business models described at the beginning of the project have driven the topdown approach of BRAIN. A BRAIN ENd Terminal Architecture (BRENTA) has been designed which will supply an advanced, highly functional interface to applications. A service interface between the IP transport service and the terminal architecture has been specified; this is a clever way of de-coupling the terminal middleware from the underlying IP transport service. There is an explosion of IP mobility management protocols and possible approaches to IP QoS. The project has categorized these protocols, produced an evaluation framework and is currently proposing enhancements to the most promising ones. The IP to wireless interface solves the difficult problem of providing a generic way for IP (layer 3) to interact with a Telektronikk 1.2001 Classify IntServ IntServ DiffServ Best Effort High Normal “reserved Bandwidth” “reserved Bandwidth” Absolute Priority Scheduling wireless layer 2. QoS and mobility support rely on co-operation between the two layers but this must be done without creating a stovepipe solution. A functional description of an IP service Specific Convergence Sub-Layer for HIPER- LAN/2 has been drafted. The IP convergence layer is vital to the efficient QoS-supported transport of IP packets across the air interface. Finally the project has proposed enhancements to HIPERLAN/2 which cover improved spectral efficiency, support for handover and support of QoS. Acknowledgement This work has been performed in the framework of the IST project IST-1999-10050 BRAIN, which is partly funded by the European Union. The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions of their colleagues from Siemens AG, British Telecommunications PLC, Agora Systems S.A., Ericsson Radio Systems AB, France Télécom – R&D, INRIA, King’s College London, Nokia Corporation, NTT DoCoMo, Sony International (Europe) GmbH, and T-Nova Deutsche Telekom Innovationsgesellschaft mbH. References 1 UMTS-Forum. IMT-2000 Licensing Conditions & Status. (2001, March 6) [online]. – URL: http://www.umts-forum.org/ licensing.html 2 Wireless World Research Forum. (2001, March 6) [online]. – URL: http://www.istwsi.org 3 IST programme. (2001, March 6) [online]. – URL: http://www.cordis.lu/ist 4/10 3/10 Link Utilisation Ratio (example) Rest Weighted Scheduling Transmit Queue Figure 7 Example implementation of DLC packet scheduling 63
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Telektronikk Volume 97 No. 1 - 2001
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Per Hjalmar Lehne (42) obtained his
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Stein Svaet (41) is Senior Research
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Pbit/day 6 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 F
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8 Video communication as a utility
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10 The idea of reconfigurable mobil
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Page 18 and 19: 16 The IP world has some problems t
Page 20 and 21: 18 Abbreviations and acronyms less
Page 22 and 23: Jorge Pereira (40) obtained his Eng
Page 24 and 25: (Millions) Figure 1 Exponential gro
Page 26 and 27: 24 Defining Generation based upon D
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Page 32 and 33: 30 A Co-Ordinated Approach to 4G As
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Page 36 and 37: Figure 5 Evolution from multi-mode
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Figure 2 Needs and Related Services
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140 with other SDOs (Standards Deve
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