Wireless Future - Telenor

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Per Hjalmar Lehne (42) obtained his MSc from the Norwegian Institute of Science and Technology in 1988. He has since been with Telenor R&D working with different aspects of terrestrial mobile communications. 1988 – 1991 he was involved in standardisation of the ERMES paging system in ETSI as well as in studies and measurements on EMC. His work since 1993 has been in the area of radio propagation and access technology. He has participated in the RACE 2 Mobile Broadband Project (MBS), COST 231, and COST 259. From 1998 he was leader of Telenor R&D’s smart antenna project. He is currently involved in work on 4th generation mobile systems and the use of MIMO technology in terrestrial mobile networks. per-hjalmar.lehne@telenor.com Ragnar Eckhoff (34) is Adviser at Telenor R&D, Kjeller. He is working in the area of mobile radio communication, particularly with radio propagation and smart antennas. Eckhoff graduated from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in 1991 with a Master (siv.ing.) degree in radio communications. Before joining Telenor R&D he worked for Telenor Conax from 1992 to 1995 and NTNU from 1995 to 1999. ragnar.eckhoff@telenor.com 2 Towards Fourth Generation Mobile Communications PER HJALMAR LEHNE, RAGNAR ECKHOFF, JOAR LØVSLETTEN, ANNE MARI NORDVIK AND STEIN SVAET So far, the evolution in mobile communications has clearly been step-wise. The generation term stems from this fact. Now we are facing the introduction of the third generation systems – 3G, and the thinking about the next step, or “4G”, has started. But will it be a “step” in the sense that we have seen before? There are a lot of signs pointing towards a smoother evolution, where keywords like heterogeneity, integration and diversity are central. This does not mean that technological development stops, rather the contrary. Introduction In modern cellular mobile communications, the generation term has been used to denote technological jumps. It all began with the first automatic cellular systems. The Scandinavian PTTs were pioneers when the NMT-system were specified (start 1969) and launched in 1981 (NMT- 450). Together with other analogue systems, like the British TACS and the North American AMPS, they constitute the 1st Generation or “1G”. The 2nd Generation is of course the GSM generation, the first digital cellular systems. Other 2G systems are e.g. the North American D-AMPS (IS-54, IS-136), also called TDMA, and CDMA (IS-95). The Japanese standard PDC is also 2G. We are now facing the introduction of the 3rd Generation systems (3G), in Europe called UMTS. It follows that 4G denotes the 4th Generation, currently a loose name for technologies and systems that may represent a new jump “beyond UMTS”. 1G: 2G: 1969: NMT-spesification work starts 3G: 1982: GSM-spesification work starts 1981: NMT is launched The time period between the introduction of new generations seems to follow a 10 year cycle. It has also taken approximately 10 years from idea to reality. The work on NMT started in 1969 and the system was launched in 1981 (12 years). GSM specification work started in 1982 and the system was launched in 1990 (8 years). The same year, work on the UMTS idea started, and the first commercial services will be available in 2001 (11 years). Up to, and mostly including, 3G (UMTS), the generation steps have been quite distinct, but we now seem to face more diffuse transitions. The first automatic cellular systems represented something totally new, both from the user side, as well as containing significant, technological innovations. The next step towards GSM and similar systems contained new jumps, however primarily on the technological side. The change from analogue to digital radio transmission led to the development of advanced speech coders (for example to save bandwidth) and equalizers (to handle the channel 4G: 1991: UMTS-spesification work starts 1990: GSM is launched Research, developments and spesification 2002: UMTS is launched 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Figure 1 Specification and development time, as well as the generation cycle seem to be approximately 10 years The Wireless Information Soclety Telektronikk 1.2001
Joar Løvsletten (53) received his degree as Chartered Engineer in Telecommunications from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim in 1976. He has been with Telenor since his graduation. He has been working with radio relay and radio access systems. Since 1995 he has been with Telenor R&D working with DECT and future mobile communication systems. joar.lovsletten@telenor.com Anne Mari Nordvik (33) is Research Scientist at Telenor R&D, Kjeller, where she has been working in the mobile and personal communications group since 1997. Special interests include 4th generation mobile networks, UMTS and IP based cellular networks. anne-mari.nordvik@telenor.com Telektronikk 1.2001 dispersion introduced by multipath propagation). These two aspects had not represented major problems for the analogue narrowband systems. A good data bearer service was also introduced. In UMTS, the introduction of a new multiple access method, CDMA, is a new technological jump. At the same time offered bandwidth increases. Additionally, a new world is introduced for the users, namely the possibility of “real” multimedia services on the mobile. Important Events in the History of Wireless Communications Radio communications all began when Guglielmo Marconi in 1895 demonstrated that electromagnetic radiation could be detected at a distance. Before that both he and Heinrich Hertz had performed fundamental experiments in the 1880s. The cellular principle developed by Bell Laboratories in the 1970s is the basis for all the different 1G, 2G and 3G systems which are in use and being planned. Another concept for mobile radio communications emerged from the early Internet. The original concepts underlying the Internet were developed in the mid-1960s at what is now the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), then known as ARPA. The original application was the ARPANET, which was established in 1969 to provide survivable computer communications networks. The first ARPANET node was located at the University of California, Los Angeles. Additional nodes were soon established at Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International), the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah. At the same time, the ALOHA Project at the University of Hawaii was investigating packetswitched networks over fixed-site radio links. The ALOHANET began operating in 1970, providing the first demonstration of packet radio access in a data network [3]. The development of the ALOHA protocol for wireless packet transmission laid the foundation for today’s wireless LANs. Better and more efficient protocols were developed taking into account some fundamental properties of the radio medium. Background for UMTS Some important events in early wireless history are [1]: Research Activities A lot of the early work towards continuously better, more efficient and flexible concepts was done in international research programmes. In Europe, the EU has played an important role as the driving force through the so-called research framework programmes: RACE, ACTS, and currently, IST. The project list also shows the increasing importance of mobile communications. In the first RACE programme (RACE 1), there was only a single mobile communications project, RACE 1043 Mobile (1988 – 1991). This project actually proposed ideas for both UMTS and MBS, a project in which Telenor participated. In the RACE 2 programme several projects were dedicated to mobile communications. Most of them were directed towards studies and demonstrations towards UMTS, like access method studies in CODIT and ATDMA and network aspects in MONET. The main focus of the ACTS programme was still UMTS and several projects developed important foundations. One of the most important to mention is the FRAMES project, which developed the WCDMA concept adopted by UMTS. From Research to Standards Standardisation towards what we today call UMTS started in the 1980s in ITU. The term used then was Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunications System – FPLMTS. Later the term used by ITU has been IMT-2000. In Europe, ETSI had started the preparations when the GSM work was at its highest, and in 1991 the SMG5 group was formed with the mandate to define UMTS. The first years of the work in • 1901: Marconi demonstrated the first radio telegraph transmission across the Atlantic Ocean. • 1915: The first wireless voice transmission between New York and San Francisco signalled the beginning of the convergence of radio and telephony. • 1946: Public mobile telephone service was introduced in 25 cities across the United States. • 1947: D.H. Ring at Bell Laboratories proposed the first cellular concept [2]. • In the 1970s: Researchers at Bell Laboratories developed the concept of the cellular telephone system, in which a geographical area is divided into adjacent, non-overlapping, hexagonalshaped “cells”. 3
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Page 10 and 11: 8 Video communication as a utility
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Wireless Future - Telenor

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