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Figure 3.1CHAPTER STRUCTURE AND TERMINOLOGYWell-designed social protection and social services can bolster the realization of women’s rightsSOCIAL POLICYWell-designed social protection and social services can narrow gender gaps in povertyrates; enhance women’s income security and access to personal income; provide a lifelinefor poor women, especially single mothers; and contribute to the reduction and redistributionof unpaid care and domestic workChild benefitsSOCIALTRANSFERSSOCIALSERVICESHealth servicesUnemployment benefits/ public works*Old-age pensionsMODES OF ACCESSCare ServicesWater and sanitationNon-contributoryEligibility for transfers or access to servicesrequires no prior contribution frombeneficiariesContributoryEligibility for transfers or access to servicesis contingent on prior contributions to socialinsurance, usually covering workers informal wage employmentUniversalEligibility for transfers or access to servicesis based on the single condition ofresidenceMeans-testedEligibility for transfers or access to servicesis contingent upon proof of need, usuallytargeting households whose income fallsbelow a certain thresholdUnconditionalNo further requirementsConditionalEligibility for transfers is contingent on thefulfilment of further conditions, such aswork requirements, medical visits or schoolattendance* Public works or Employment Guarantee Schemes are not strictly speaking social transfers, since the cash benefit is usually conceived of as a wage in exchange for work participation. However, becausethey aim to fulfil a similar role as traditional unemployment benefits—namely enhancing income security among the unemployed—they are treated under the category of social transfers in this chapter.133