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ANNEX 4:RIGHT TO WORK: OPPORTUNITIES, CONSTRAINTS AND EQUALITYLABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATE ЖUNEMPLOYMENT RATE ΦISOCOUNTRYCODE ΨCOUNTRIESAND AREASFemale Male Female Male1990 2013 1990 2013 2013(% aged 15 years and older)(% of total labour force 15 yearsand older)Central and Eastern Europe and Central AsiaALB Albania 53.2 44.9 74.7 65.5 13.8 17.6ARM Armenia 60.0 54.2 77.1 72.6 17.5 15.2AZE Azerbaijan 54.0 62.9 70.7 69.6 6.6 4.4BLR Belarus 60.4 50.1 75.3 63.1 4.3 7.3BIH Bosnia and Herzegovina 35.8 34.1 57.5 57.3 30.9 26.8BGR Bulgaria 54.9 47.9 62.7 59.0 11.9 13.8HRV Croatia 46.5 44.7 68.5 58.4 16.8 18.4CYP Cyprus 40.8 56.0 70.8 71.1 14.9 16.5CZE Czech Republic 51.6 51.1 70.6 68.3 8.2 5.9EST Estonia 63.0 56.2 76.6 68.9 8.3 9.3GEO Georgia 55.1 56.5 74.5 75.1 13.2 15.2HUN Hungary 46.2 44.8 64.4 60.0 10.2 10.1KAZ Kazakhstan 62.4 67.7 78.0 77.9 6.3 4.1KGZ Kyrgyzstan 58.4 56.0 74.3 79.5 9.2 7.2LVA Latvia 62.6 54.9 76.7 67.6 10.5 11.8LTU Lithuania 59.4 55.8 74.4 67.3 10.5 13.1MNE Montenegro 44.7 43.0 63.2 57.3 20.8 19.0POL Poland 55.2 48.9 72.1 64.9 11.1 9.7MDA Republic of Moldova 61.1 37.6 74.2 44.2 3.9 6.2ROU Romania 51.6 48.7 66.8 64.9 6.6 7.9RUS Russian Federation 59.6 57.1 76.3 71.7 5.2 5.9SRB Serbia 44.3 44.5 67.3 60.9 26.0 19.2SVK Slovakia 58.9 51.1 72.1 68.6 14.5 13.9SVN Slovenia 47.8 52.3 59.9 63.2 11.2 9.4TJK Tajikistan 58.1 58.9 75.6 77.1 9.6 11.5MKD The former Yugoslav42.6 43.1 66.9 67.5 28.9 29.0Republic of MacedoniaTUR Turkey 34.1 29.4 80.8 70.8 11.9 9.1TKM Turkmenistan 46.4 46.9 74.8 76.9 10.7 10.5UKR Ukraine 56.1 53.2 70.7 66.9 6.7 9.0UZB Uzbekistan 46.2 48.1 73.3 75.6 10.9 10.5Developed RegionsAND Andorra .. .. .. .. .. ..AUS Australia 52.3 58.8 75.7 71.8 5.6 5.7AUT Austria 43.0 54.6 69.7 67.7 4.9 4.9BEL Belgium 36.6 47.5 61.1 59.3 8.1 8.6CAN Canada 57.9 61.6 76.0 71.0 6.6 7.5DNK Denmark 61.5 58.7 75.3 66.4 7.3 6.7FIN Finland 58.8 55.7 71.8 64.0 7.5 8.8FRA France 46.1 50.7 65.2 61.6 10.4 10.4DEU Germany 43.4 53.6 69.6 66.4 4.9 5.6GRC Greece 36.0 44.2 66.8 62.5 31.3 24.3ISL Iceland 67.7 70.5 81.9 77.4 5.2 5.9IRL Ireland 35.5 53.1 70.6 68.1 10.8 15.0ISR Israel 41.3 57.9 62.6 69.1 6.3 6.2ITA Italy 35.1 39.6 66.5 59.5 13.1 11.6JPN Japan 50.1 48.8 77.2 70.4 3.7 4.3
YOUTHUNEMPLOYMENT RATE ¥OCCUPATIONAL SEGREGATION(SELECT OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS) aNON-AGRICULTURALINFORMALEMPLOYMENT aUNADJUSTEDGENDER PAYGAP* , aFemaleMaleManagerial.professional andtechnical positionsClerical. servicesand salesworkersPlant andmachineoperatorsFemale2013 2000-2013 2004-2010 2008-2014(% of total labour forceaged 15-24)(Female as % of total employment)Male(% of total non-agriculturalemployment)(%)ISOCOUNTRYCODE ΨCentral and Eastern Europe and Central Asia24.1 32.0 52.8 37.4 32.4 .. .. 11.5 b ALB39.1 29.6 54.3 53.3 3.9 12.7 24.8 34.4 c ARM15.8 13.3 58.1 58.4 8.1 .. .. 52.5 d AZE12.6 12.0 63.3 77.6 18.4 .. .. 25.5 d BLR61.5 59.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. BIH26.4 31.7 55.3 62.2 25.9 .. .. 20.6 c, d BGR51.7 51.4 49.3 63.7 25.6 .. .. 10.0 c, d HRV34.7 38.5 46.6 62.9 7.4 .. .. 18.2 c, d CYP19.2 18.6 45.0 70.8 24.2 .. .. 21.5 d, e CZE19.4 17.3 54.9 76.0 27.1 .. .. 25.6 f EST34.8 28.7 57.4 55.7 2.0 .. .. 36.4 c GEO28.1 26.1 55.5 63.8 30.1 .. .. 21.6 c, d HUN5.1 3.9 58.1 63.4 11.3 .. .. 36.2 KAZ18.2 13.8 60.2 53.8 18.3 47.4 62.8 26.7 d KGZ21.7 19.1 58.8 75.3 10.5 .. .. 16.8 d LVA20.4 23.0 60.8 73.6 21.8 .. .. 14.3 e LTU40.5 41.9 47.5 54.8 7.1 .. .. .. MNE29.9 25.2 54.9 63.5 13.3 .. .. 15.0 c POL13.1 16.1 58.3 73.3 7.9 11.4 20.8 11.6 g MDA24.2 23.5 54.8 62.1 24.6 .. .. 7.8 d ROU14.9 14.1 58.8 72.9 10.7 .. .. 25.8 c, e RUS56.2 44.2 52.3 54.6 11.0 4.3 7.5 11.7 c SRB31.3 34.9 51.8 65.6 23.9 .. .. 22.5 d SVK24.4 21.6 52.3 59.9 28.3 .. .. 4.6 d, e, h SVN12.4 17.7 .. .. .. .. .. 50.9 b TJK51.0 52.9 46.6 43.2 40.8 8.1 15.2 6.3 d MKD23.6 18.7 30.8 31.2 10.8 31.3 29.7 7.1 c, d TUR21.6 19.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. TKM16.4 18.8 57.8 71.0 18.2 6.4 12.4 22.8 c, d UKR22.0 19.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. UZBDeveloped Regions.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. AND11.3 13.0 49.3 71.7 13.4 .. .. 35.4 i AUS9.5 8.8 46.3 69.0 14.2 .. .. 38.1 d AUT21.8 24.1 47.2 64.9 13.7 .. .. 22.7 j BEL12.3 15.1 53.2 68.4 16.1 .. .. 24.4 c CAN11.8 14.1 50.6 65.6 16.7 .. .. 15 f, k DNK17.5 21.5 50.3 73.8 14.8 .. .. 21.9 d, l FIN25.0 22.7 46.2 70.3 18.4 .. .. 18.6 d, g FRA7.0 8.5 48.5 64.4 14.6 .. .. 19.3 e DEU64.4 53.5 47.2 50.2 9.0 .. .. 23.3 e GRC8.2 14.1 52.3 65.7 11.6 .. .. 23.1 e ISL23.4 29.7 48.5 70.8 14.9 .. .. 27.3 f, l, m, n IRL10.8 10.6 51.3 64.4 9.8 .. .. 33.9 d ISR41.0 38.7 43.0 61.3 18.8 .. .. 20 o ITA5.9 7.6 36.0 59.9 p 18.9 q .. .. 28.6 e JPN279
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PROGRESS OF THE WORLD’S WOMEN 201
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PROGRESS OF THE WORLD’S WOMEN 201
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FOREWORDBY PHUMZILEMLAMBO-NGCUKAUND
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UN Women headquarters staffWritten
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2TRANSFORMINGWORK FOR WOMEN’S RIG
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4TOWARDSAN ENABLING MACROECONOMIC E
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average earn just half as much inco
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‘ensuring that they do not mainta
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childcare, are just as important an
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ights principles are also an import
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“Most of these women did not choo
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SUBSTANTIVE EQUALITYFOR WOMEN:The c
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5The international human rights sys
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No empowerment without rightsA wide
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Figure 1.1Number of countries with
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adapt to changing social practices
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The number of countries with polici
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in the vast majority of countries.
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In other words, ‘discrimination i
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States must also guard against deli
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International human rights mechanis
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Figure 1.4A FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTAN
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BOX 1.4Gender and poverty: What do
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Figure 1.6Ratio of net secondary at
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Crisis and austerity are jeopardizi
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BOX 1.5Gender stereotypes and punis
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stood at close to 22 per cent—far
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Achievements have been significant.
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Drawing on the understanding of sub
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Yet Rana Plaza proved a turning poi
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TRANSFORMING WORKFOR WOMEN’S RIGH
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workers open to abuse and exploitat
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IN BRIEF/1Paid work can be a founda
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INTRODUCTIONAccess to decent employ
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Second, the range of opportunities
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Chapter overviewThe first part of t
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Figure 2.1Labour force participatio
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ALBGTMSLVFigure 2.3AN EYE ON THE GA
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Another striking trend is the decli
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In a study on Germany, France, Swed
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The unequal distribution of unpaid
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Figure 2.5Typical childcare arrange
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Today, parental leave is commonplac
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their skills. Its most pernicious i
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Causes of occupational segregationT
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programme aims to address the great
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CLOSING GENDER PAY GAPSPersistent g
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Causes of gender pay gapsIn looking
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while the rest have multiple minimu
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access to services that reduce wome
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Figure 2.11Segmentation of informal
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Extending rights at work for paid d
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For example, the legal and regulato
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the problems faced by poor people l
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Women’s organizations, such as th
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Governments should:• Ensure that
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Despite being dispersed across seve
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In recent years, globalization and
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The Veshya Anyay Mukti Parishad (VA
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MAKING SOCIAL POLICYWORK FOR WOMEN1
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The team behind the Egyptian progra
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IN BRIEF/1Demographic, family and h
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INTRODUCTIONSocial policy is fundam
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social policy design and delivery c
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TOWARDS GENDER EQUALITYIN SOCIAL TR
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Figure 3.2Women’s personal income
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the potential to contribute to the
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No guarantee of empowermentHowever,
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BOX 3.3Transforming conditional cas
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Table 3.2Selected employment guaran
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BOX 3.4Ethiopia’s PSNP: Gender-re
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Figure 3.4Proportion of people abov
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Gender gaps in pension outcomes ref
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But even where individual capital a
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coverage. In these cases, women wil
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22 per cent of the poverty line. To
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on women and girls. Because they ar
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Figure 3.7Percentage of women who r
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was a watershed, bringing the count
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BOX 3.9Rwanda’s rapid decline in
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Figure 3.9Proportion of women who s
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Breaking down institutional barrier
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care for all are the best way to en
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uneven. Data on early childhood edu
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Balancing educational and childcare
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Table 3.3Care arrangements for olde
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RecommendationsCare services are an
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they rarely have the control over h
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formidable access barriers, particu
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the Geneva-based Water Supply and S
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MAKING PROGRESS/STORIES OF CHANGEA
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strain. In 1996, the country’s HI
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IN BRIEF/1Macroeconomic policies af
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INTRODUCTIONAdvances in substantive
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hierarchy. 10 Greece, for example,
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Figure 4.1Female to male secondary
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and the United Republic of Tanzania
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In order to adequately recognize an
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Overall, since the 1980s macroecono
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Figure 4.4Government general revenu
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formal employment that benefits fro
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approaches to macroeconomics, howev
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improving the way in which taxes ar
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policy and reinforce global depende
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incentives diverge. Credit allocati
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social services (see Chapter 3). Th
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youth, can prevent the accumulation
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Figure 4.7Open Budget Index, 2012Th
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Article 2.1 of the ICESCR states th
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treaty between the Plurinational St
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Page 233 and 234: MAKING PROGRESS/STORIES OF CHANGECO
Page 235 and 236: “Everything I personally did, and
Page 237 and 238: equality, emphasizing women’s pra
Page 239 and 240: 3. Strengthen women’s income secu
Page 241 and 242: • Implementing gender-responsive
Page 243 and 244: • Developing standards for the co
Page 245 and 246: MONITORING WOMEN’SECONOMIC ANDSOC
Page 247 and 248: from water sources, therefore affec
Page 249 and 250: censuses, time use and violence aga
Page 251 and 252: percentage of gross domestic produc
Page 253 and 254: TYPE OF EMPLOYMENT dWOMEN’S EARNI
Page 261 and 262: FIELD OF STUDY OF TERTIARY STUDENTS
Page 271 and 272: TIME USE aSurveyyearAgegroupUnpaid
Page 279: TIME USE aSurveyyearAgegroupUnpaid
Page 283 and 284: YOUTHUNEMPLOYMENT RATE ¥OCCUPATION
Page 291 and 292: HEALTH SERVICESPublic health expend
Page 301 and 302: RESERVATIONS TO CEDAWCEDAW status a
Page 303 and 304: RESERVATIONS TO CEDAWCEDAW status a
Page 305 and 306: ANNEX 7:UN WOMEN REGIONAL GROUPINGS
Page 307 and 308: Gammage, Sarah, Carla Kraft and Tom
Page 309 and 310: classification of low-income econom
Page 311 and 312: 96. ILO 2000a, article 6, says that
Page 313 and 314: 285. This estimation is based on a
Page 315 and 316: 235. Aguirre and Ferrari 2014.236.
Page 317 and 318: REFERENCESAbalu, G. and R. Hassan.
Page 319 and 320: Berg, J. 2009. “Brazil: The Minim
Page 321 and 322: Cook, S. and X.-Y. Dong. 2011. “H
Page 323 and 324: . 2015. “UNECE Statistical Databa
Page 325 and 326: Galindo, L.M. and J. Ros. 2008. “
Page 327 and 328: . 2014. “Progressive Policy Chang
Page 329 and 330: . 2007. “Marriage, Motherhood and
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McIntyre, D., M.K. Ranson, B.K. Aul
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Phelan, J.C., B.G. Link and J.F. Do
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Staritz, C. and J.G. Reis, eds. 201
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. 2012c. “Report of the Working G
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. 2014d. “Trachoma: Situation and
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