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Like formal work, informal employment is highlysegregated along gender lines. The category of‘elementary’ occupations in Figure 2.7 includesmany informal jobs, with women concentrated indomestic work and cleaning while men are morelikely to be in low-skilled mining and manufacturingwork.Trends in occupational segregationOver the last two decades, there has been a slightdecline in the extent of occupational segregation aswomen have continued to move into job categoriesthat are already quite ‘mixed’. At the same time,occupations that were dominated by men to beginwith have continued to offer few opportunities towomen. Predominantly female occupations, whichtend to be those with lower status and pay, haveremained feminized or become more so. 107Figure 2.8 shows an increase in the share of womenin certain mixed occupational categories between2000 and 2010 such as leadership and managementand professional and technical occupations.However, over the same period, women’s share inmale-dominated occupations—for example, craftand trade jobs and plant and machine operatorand assembler positions—declined by 2.1 and 1.6percentage points respectively. Female-dominatedoccupations such as clerks and service workers alsosaw little change.Figure 2.8Change in women’s share of occupations, 2000–2010More women have become managers and professionals, but segregation in female and male-dominatedoccupations has become more entrenchedFemale-dominatedoccupationsMixed occupationsMale-dominatedoccupations43.6322.02.32.0Percentage points10-1-2-3-0.1 -0.1-0.9-2.1-1.6-4Clerical andsupport workersServiceworkersManagers Professional Technical ElementaryoccupationsSkilledagricultureCraftand tradePlantoperatorSource: UN Women calculations using data from ILO 2015c.Note: The sample size is 83 countries. The classification of occupations as mixed or female- or male-dominated follows the rule proposed by Hakim 1993, cited in Bettio and Verashchagina2009. Female-dominated occupations are those where the female share is 15 percentage points above the share of women in total employment (i.e., 55 per cent or more); male-dominatedoccupations are those where the female share is 15 percentage points below their share in total employment (i.e., 25 per cent or less); and the rest are mixed. The female share calculationused to determine the sex dominated occupations are based on the latest country data. The averages used to calculate the change are unweighted.91