Rubery, J. and D. Grimshaw. 2009. “Gender and the Minimum Wage.”In Regulating for Decent Work: New Directions in Labour MarketRegulation, edited by S. Lee and D. McCann, 226–54. Basingstoke,UK and Geneva: Palgrave Macmillan and InternationalLabour Office.Rudman, L.A. and K. Mescher. 2013. “Penalizing Men Who Request aFamily Leave: Is Flexibility Stigma a Femininity Stigma?” Journalof Social Issues 69, no. 2: 322–40.Rusimbi, M. and M. Mbilinyi. 2005. “Political and Legal Struggles overResources and Democracy: Experiences with Gender Budgetingin Tanzania.” In Law and Globalization from Below: Towards aCosmopolitan Legality, edited by B. de Sousa Santos and C.A.Rodríguez-Garavito, 283–309. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.Sachs, J.D. 2009. “Rethinking Macroeconomics.” Capitalism andSociety 4, no. 3.Said, M., A. Petrovich and M. Aboul-Ezz 2014. “Iran: Gender andLabour Market Analysis.” Background paper for Progress of theWorld’s Women 2015–2016. UN Women, New York.Said, M., A. Petrovich and A. Khalil. 2014. “Egypt: Gender and LabourMarket Analysis.” Background paper for Progress of the World’sWomen 2015–2016. UN Women, New York.Sakunphanit, T. and W. Suwanrada. 2011. “Thailand: The UniversalCoverage Scheme.“ In Sharing Innovative Experiences, Vol. 18:Successful Social Protection Floor Experiences, 385–400. NewYork: United Nations Development Programme.Sankaran, K., S. Sinha and R. Madhav. Undated. “Street Vendors inIndia.” Background paper for WIEGO Law Pilot Project on theInformal Economy. WIEGO, Cambridge, MA.Schöpp-Schilling, H.B. 2003. “Reflections on a General Recommendationon Article 4(1) of the Convention on the Elimination of AllForms of Discrimination against Women.” In Temporary SpecialMeasures: Accelerating De Facto Equality of Women underArticle 4(1) UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms ofDiscrimination against Women, edited by I. Boerefijn, 15–34.Antwerp: Intersentia.Schuberth, H., and B. Young. 2011. “The Role of Gender in Governanceof the Financial Sector.” In Questioning Financial Governancefrom a Feminist Perspective, edited by B. Young, I. Bakker and D.Elson, 132–54. London and New York: Routledge.Seguino, S. 2000. “Gender Inequality and Economic Growth: ACross-Country Analysis.” World Development 28, no. 7: 1211–30.. 2013a. “From Micro-Level Gender Relations to the Macro-Economyand Back Again: Theory and Policy.” In Handbookof Research on Gender and Economic Life, edited by D. Figartand T. Warnecke, 325–44. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.. 2013b. “Toward Gender Justice: Confronting Stratification andUnequal Power.” GÉNEROS-Multidisciplinary Journal of GenderStudies 2, no. 1: 1–36.Seguino, S. and J. Heintz. 2012. “Monetary Tightening and the Dynamicsof U.S. Race and Gender Stratification.” American Journal ofEconomics and Sociology 71, no. 3: 603–38.Sen, A. 1999. Development as Freedom. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress.. 2004. “Elements of a Theory of Human Rights.” Philosophy andPublic Affairs 32, no. 4: 315–56.Sen, G. and P. Östlin. 2007. “Unequal, Unfair, Ineffective and Inefficient:Gender Inequity in Health – Why It Exists and How WeCan Change It.” Final Report to the WHO Commission on SocialDeterminants of Health: Women and Gender Equity KnowledgeNetwork.Sepulveda, M.C. 2006. “Obligations of ‘International Assistance andCooperation’ in an Optional Protocol to the International Covenanton Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.”Sepulveda, M.C., C. Nyst and H. Hautala. 2012. “The Human Rights Approachto Social Protection.” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland,Helsinki.Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 24, no. 2: 271–304.Seshu, M. 2013. “Sex, Work and Citizenship: The VAMP Sex Workers’Collective in Maharashtra.” In Organizing Women Workers in theInformal Economy: Beyond the Weapons of the Weak, edited by N.Kabeer, R. Sudarshan and K. Milward, 232–51. London and NewYork: Zed Books.SEWA (Self Employed Women’s Association). 2009. “About Us.” AccessedDecember 2014. http://www.sewa.org/About_Us.asp.Sholkamy, H. 2011. “How Can Social Protection Provide Social Justice forWomen?” Pathways Policy Paper, October. Pathways of Women’sEmpowerment Research Programme Consortium, Brighton, UK.. 2014. “Steady Money, State Support and Respect Can Equal Women’sEmpowerment in Egypt.” In Feminisms, Empowerment andDevelopment: Changing Women’s Lives, edited by A. Cornwall andJ. Edwards, 123–40. London: Zed Books.Sinclair, S. 2014. “Trade Agreements, the New Constitutionalism and PublicServices.” In New Constitutionalism and World Order, edited byS. Gill and A.C. Cutler, 179–96. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.Smith, S., D. Auret, S. Barrientos, C. Dolan, K. Kleinbooi, C. Njobvu, M.Opondo and A. Tallontire. 2004. “Ethical Trade in African Horticulture:Gender, Rights and Participation.” IDS Working Paper No. 223.Institute of Development Studies, Brighton, UK.Snyder, R.E., M.A. Marlow and L.W. Riley. 2014. “Ebola in Urban Slums:The Elephant in the Room.” The Lancet Global Health 2, no. 12: 685.Soares, S., R.G. Osório, F.V. Soares, M. Medeiros and E. Zepeda. 2007.“Conditional Cash Transfers in Brazil, Chile and Mexico: Impactsupon Inequality.” International Poverty Centre Working Paper No.35. International Poverty Centre and United Nations DevelopmentProgramme, Brasilia.Soors, W., N. Devadasan, V. Durairaj and B. Criel. 2010. “CommunityHealth Insurance and Universal Coverage: Multiple Paths, ManyRivers to Cross.” Background paper No. 48 for World Health Report.World Health Organization, Geneva.Staab, S. 2012. “Maternalism, Male-Breadwinner Bias, and MarketReform: Historical Legacies and Current Reforms in Chilean SocialPolicy.” Social Politics 19, no. 3: 299–332.. 2014. “(En)Gendering Change and Continuity in Chilean SocialPolicy: Actors, Ideas and Institutions.” Unpublished PhD, Universityof Manchester, UK.Staab, S. and R. Gerhard. 2011. “Putting Two and Two Together? EarlyChildhood Education, Mothers’ Employment and Care ServiceExpansion in Chile and Mexico.” Development and Change 42,no. 4: 1079–107.Staab, S. and K.H. Maher. 2006. “The Dual Discourse About PeruvianDomestic Workers in Santiago De Chile: Class, Race, and aNationalist Project.” Latin American Politics and Society 48, no.1: 87–116.
Staritz, C. and J.G. Reis, eds. 2013. Global Value Chains, Economic Upgrading,and Gender: Case Studies of the Horticulture, Tourism,and Call Center Industries. Washington, DC: World Bank.Statistics South Africa. 2013. “Quarterly Labour Force Survey: StatisticalRelease P0211.” Quarter 4. Government of South Africa,Pretoria.Stiefel, M. and M. Wolfe. 1994. A Voice for the Excluded: PopularParticipation in Development: Utopia or Necessity? London andGeneva: Zed Books and United Nations Research Institute forInternational Development.Stiglitz, J.E. 2000. “Capital Market Liberalization, Economic Growth,and Instability.” World Development 28, no. 6: 1075–86.Sudarshan, R.M. 2011. “India’s National Rural Employment GuaranteeAct: Women’s Participation and Impacts in Himachal Pradesh,Kerala and Rajasthan.” CSP Research Report No. 06. Centrefor Social Protection and Institute for Development Studies,Brighton, UK.Suh, J. and N. Folbre. 2014. “Valuing Unpaid Child Care in the U.S.:A Prototype Satellite Account Using the American Time UseSurvey.” Background paper for Progress of the World’s Women2015–2016. UN Women, New York.Tabbush, C. 2009. “Gender, Citizenship and New Approaches toPoverty Relief: Conditional Cash Transfer Programmes inArgentina.” In The Gendered Impact of Liberalization: Towards‘Embedded Liberalism’?, edited by S. Razavi, 290–326. NewYork, Routledge.Takhtamanova, Y. and E. Sierminska. 2009. “Gender, MonetaryPolicy, and Employment: The Case of Nine OECD Countries.”Feminist Economics 15, no. 3: 323–35.Tcherneva, P.R. and L.R. Wray. 2007. “Public Employment and Women:The Impact of Argentina’s Jefes Program on Female Headsof Poor Households.” Working Paper 519. The Levy EconomicsInstitute, Annandale-on-Hudson, NY.TGNP Mtandao (Tanzania Gender Networking Programme). 1999.“Budgeting with a Gender Focus.” TGNP, Dar es Salaam.Thévenon, O. 2011. “Family Policies in OECD Countries: A ComparativeAnalysis.” Population and Development Review 37, no. 1:57–87.. 2013. “Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in theOECD.” OECD Social, Employment and Migration WorkingPaper No. 145. Organisation for Economic Co-operation andDevelopment, Paris.Tiba, Z. 2011. “Targeting the Most Vulnerable: Implementing SocialSafety Nets.” In Safeguarding Food Security in Volatile GlobalMarkets, edited by A. Prakash, 491–508. Rome: Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations.Tobias, J. and F. Omondi. 2014. “Unblocking Results: A Case Studyof Helpage International in Tanzania.” Overseas DevelopmentInstitute, London.Todd, P. 2012. “Effectiveness of Interventions Aimed at ImprovingWomen’s Employability and Quality of Work: A Critical Review.”Policy Research Working Paper No. 6189. World Bank, Washington,DC.Townsend, R.F., I. Ceccacci, S. Cooke, M. Constantine and G. Moses.2013. “Implementing Agriculture for Development: World BankGroup Agriculture Action Plan (2013–2015).” Working Paper No.77911. World Bank, Washington, DC.Towse, A., A. Mills and V. Tangcharoensathien. 2004. “Learning fromThailand’s Health Reforms.” BMJ 328: 3.Tripney, J., M. Newman, C. Brown, K. Hovish, J.G. Hombrados, K.T.Steinka-Fry and E. Wilkey. 2013. Post-Basic Technical and VocationalEducation and Training (TVET) Interventions to ImproveEmployability and Employment of TVET Graduates in Low- andMiddle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review. Oslo: CampbellCollaboration Library of Systematic Reviews.Tripp, A.M. 2014. “Women’s Rights Mobilization across Difference.”Background paper for Progress of the World’s Women2015–2016. UN Women, New York.Tzannatos, Z. 1999. “Women and Labor Market Changes in the GlobalEconomy: Growth Helps, Inequalities Hurt and Public Policy Matters.”World Development 27, no. 3: 551–69.UIS (UNESCO Institute for Statistics). 2013. “Adult and Youth Literacy:National, Regional and Global Trends, 1985–2015.” Informationpaper, June. United Nations Educational, Scientific and CulturalOrganization, Montreal.. 2015. “UIS Database.” Accessed January 2015. http://data.uis.unesco.org.UK Supreme Court. 2012. Judgement: Birmingham City Council (Appellant)v Abdulla and Others (Respondents). [2012] UKSC 47. Onappeal from: [2011] EWCA Civ 1412.UN (United Nations). 1995. Beijing Declaration and Platform of Action,adopted at the Fourth World Conference on Women, 27 October1995. A/CONF.177/20 and A/CONF.177/20/Add.1.. 2010. Developing Gender Statistics: A Practical Tool. Geneva:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and World BankInstitute.. 2012. The Millennium Development Goals Report. New York: UnitedNations.. 2013. Statistics and Indicators for the Post-2015 DevelopmentAgenda. New York: UN System Task Team on the post-2015 UNDevelopment Agenda.. 2014a. The Millennium Development Goals Report. New York:United Nations.. 2014b. “The Millennium Development Goals Report: Gender Chart.”United Nations.. 2015. “United Nations Treaty Collection.” Accessed March 2015.https://treaties.un.org/.UN CEDAW (United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discriminationagainst Women). 1989. General Recommendation No. 13 onEqual Remuneration for Work of Equal Value (1989). A/44/38.. 1992. General Recommendation 19 on Violence against Women.A/47/38.. 2004. General Recommendation No. 25 on Temporary SpecialMeasures: Art. 4, Para. 1 of the Convention on the Elimination of AllForms of Discrimination against Women. HRI/GEN/1/Rev.7.. 2013. Concluding Observations on the Seventh Periodic Reportof the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. CE-DAW/C/GBR/CO/7.UN CESCR (United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and CulturalRights). 1990. General Comment No. 3 on the Nature of StatesParties’ Obligations: Art. 2, Para. 1, of the Covenant (1990). In theReport on the fifth session of the Committee on Economic, Socialand Cultural Rights. E/1991/23-E/C.12/1990/8.. 1995. General Comment No. 5: Persons with Disabilities (1995). Inthe Report on the Tenth and Eleventh Sessions of the Committee onEconomic, Social and Cultural Rights. E/1995/22-E/C.12/1994/20.333
- Page 1 and 2:
PROGRESS OF THE WORLD’S WOMEN 201
- Page 3 and 4:
PROGRESS OF THE WORLD’S WOMEN 201
- Page 5 and 6:
FOREWORDBY PHUMZILEMLAMBO-NGCUKAUND
- Page 7 and 8:
UN Women headquarters staffWritten
- Page 9 and 10:
2TRANSFORMINGWORK FOR WOMEN’S RIG
- Page 11 and 12:
4TOWARDSAN ENABLING MACROECONOMIC E
- Page 13 and 14:
average earn just half as much inco
- Page 15 and 16:
‘ensuring that they do not mainta
- Page 17 and 18:
childcare, are just as important an
- Page 19:
ights principles are also an import
- Page 22 and 23:
“Most of these women did not choo
- Page 25 and 26:
SUBSTANTIVE EQUALITYFOR WOMEN:The c
- Page 27 and 28:
5The international human rights sys
- Page 29 and 30:
No empowerment without rightsA wide
- Page 31 and 32:
Figure 1.1Number of countries with
- Page 33 and 34:
adapt to changing social practices
- Page 35 and 36:
The number of countries with polici
- Page 37 and 38:
in the vast majority of countries.
- Page 39 and 40:
In other words, ‘discrimination i
- Page 41 and 42:
States must also guard against deli
- Page 43 and 44:
International human rights mechanis
- Page 45 and 46:
Figure 1.4A FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTAN
- Page 47 and 48:
BOX 1.4Gender and poverty: What do
- Page 49 and 50:
Figure 1.6Ratio of net secondary at
- Page 51 and 52:
Crisis and austerity are jeopardizi
- Page 53 and 54:
BOX 1.5Gender stereotypes and punis
- Page 55 and 56:
stood at close to 22 per cent—far
- Page 57 and 58:
Achievements have been significant.
- Page 59:
Drawing on the understanding of sub
- Page 62 and 63:
Yet Rana Plaza proved a turning poi
- Page 65:
TRANSFORMING WORKFOR WOMEN’S RIGH
- Page 68 and 69:
workers open to abuse and exploitat
- Page 70 and 71:
IN BRIEF/1Paid work can be a founda
- Page 72 and 73:
INTRODUCTIONAccess to decent employ
- Page 74 and 75:
Second, the range of opportunities
- Page 76 and 77:
Chapter overviewThe first part of t
- Page 78 and 79:
Figure 2.1Labour force participatio
- Page 80 and 81:
ALBGTMSLVFigure 2.3AN EYE ON THE GA
- Page 82 and 83:
Another striking trend is the decli
- Page 84 and 85:
In a study on Germany, France, Swed
- Page 86 and 87:
The unequal distribution of unpaid
- Page 88 and 89:
Figure 2.5Typical childcare arrange
- Page 90 and 91:
Today, parental leave is commonplac
- Page 92 and 93:
their skills. Its most pernicious i
- Page 94 and 95:
Causes of occupational segregationT
- Page 96 and 97:
programme aims to address the great
- Page 98 and 99:
CLOSING GENDER PAY GAPSPersistent g
- Page 100 and 101:
Causes of gender pay gapsIn looking
- Page 102 and 103:
while the rest have multiple minimu
- Page 104 and 105:
access to services that reduce wome
- Page 106 and 107:
Figure 2.11Segmentation of informal
- Page 108 and 109:
Extending rights at work for paid d
- Page 110 and 111:
For example, the legal and regulato
- Page 112 and 113:
the problems faced by poor people l
- Page 114 and 115:
Women’s organizations, such as th
- Page 116 and 117:
Governments should:• Ensure that
- Page 118 and 119:
Despite being dispersed across seve
- Page 120 and 121:
In recent years, globalization and
- Page 122 and 123:
The Veshya Anyay Mukti Parishad (VA
- Page 125:
MAKING SOCIAL POLICYWORK FOR WOMEN1
- Page 128 and 129:
The team behind the Egyptian progra
- Page 130 and 131:
IN BRIEF/1Demographic, family and h
- Page 132 and 133:
INTRODUCTIONSocial policy is fundam
- Page 134 and 135:
social policy design and delivery c
- Page 136 and 137:
TOWARDS GENDER EQUALITYIN SOCIAL TR
- Page 138 and 139:
Figure 3.2Women’s personal income
- Page 140 and 141:
the potential to contribute to the
- Page 142 and 143:
No guarantee of empowermentHowever,
- Page 144 and 145:
BOX 3.3Transforming conditional cas
- Page 146 and 147:
Table 3.2Selected employment guaran
- Page 148 and 149:
BOX 3.4Ethiopia’s PSNP: Gender-re
- Page 150 and 151:
Figure 3.4Proportion of people abov
- Page 152 and 153:
Gender gaps in pension outcomes ref
- Page 154 and 155:
But even where individual capital a
- Page 156 and 157:
coverage. In these cases, women wil
- Page 158 and 159:
22 per cent of the poverty line. To
- Page 160 and 161:
on women and girls. Because they ar
- Page 162 and 163:
Figure 3.7Percentage of women who r
- Page 164 and 165:
was a watershed, bringing the count
- Page 166 and 167:
BOX 3.9Rwanda’s rapid decline in
- Page 168 and 169:
Figure 3.9Proportion of women who s
- Page 170 and 171:
Breaking down institutional barrier
- Page 172 and 173:
care for all are the best way to en
- Page 174 and 175:
uneven. Data on early childhood edu
- Page 176 and 177:
Balancing educational and childcare
- Page 178 and 179:
Table 3.3Care arrangements for olde
- Page 180 and 181:
RecommendationsCare services are an
- Page 182 and 183:
they rarely have the control over h
- Page 184 and 185:
formidable access barriers, particu
- Page 186 and 187:
the Geneva-based Water Supply and S
- Page 189 and 190:
MAKING PROGRESS/STORIES OF CHANGEA
- Page 191:
strain. In 1996, the country’s HI
- Page 194 and 195:
IN BRIEF/1Macroeconomic policies af
- Page 196 and 197:
INTRODUCTIONAdvances in substantive
- Page 198 and 199:
hierarchy. 10 Greece, for example,
- Page 200 and 201:
Figure 4.1Female to male secondary
- Page 202 and 203:
and the United Republic of Tanzania
- Page 204 and 205:
In order to adequately recognize an
- Page 206 and 207:
Overall, since the 1980s macroecono
- Page 208 and 209:
Figure 4.4Government general revenu
- Page 210 and 211:
formal employment that benefits fro
- Page 212 and 213:
approaches to macroeconomics, howev
- Page 214 and 215:
improving the way in which taxes ar
- Page 216 and 217:
policy and reinforce global depende
- Page 218 and 219:
incentives diverge. Credit allocati
- Page 220 and 221:
social services (see Chapter 3). Th
- Page 222 and 223:
youth, can prevent the accumulation
- Page 224 and 225:
Figure 4.7Open Budget Index, 2012Th
- Page 226 and 227:
Article 2.1 of the ICESCR states th
- Page 228 and 229:
treaty between the Plurinational St
- Page 230 and 231:
agreements—but they go further by
- Page 233 and 234:
MAKING PROGRESS/STORIES OF CHANGECO
- Page 235 and 236:
“Everything I personally did, and
- Page 237 and 238:
equality, emphasizing women’s pra
- Page 239 and 240:
3. Strengthen women’s income secu
- Page 241 and 242:
• Implementing gender-responsive
- Page 243 and 244:
• Developing standards for the co
- Page 245 and 246:
MONITORING WOMEN’SECONOMIC ANDSOC
- Page 247 and 248:
from water sources, therefore affec
- Page 249 and 250:
censuses, time use and violence aga
- Page 251 and 252:
percentage of gross domestic produc
- Page 253 and 254:
TYPE OF EMPLOYMENT dWOMEN’S EARNI
- Page 255 and 256:
TYPE OF EMPLOYMENT dWOMEN’S EARNI
- Page 257 and 258:
TYPE OF EMPLOYMENT dWOMEN’S EARNI
- Page 259 and 260:
TYPE OF EMPLOYMENT dWOMEN’S EARNI
- Page 261 and 262:
FIELD OF STUDY OF TERTIARY STUDENTS
- Page 263 and 264:
FIELD OF STUDY OF TERTIARY STUDENTS
- Page 265 and 266:
FIELD OF STUDY OF TERTIARY STUDENTS
- Page 267 and 268:
FIELD OF STUDY OF TERTIARY STUDENTS
- Page 269 and 270:
FIELD OF STUDY OF TERTIARY STUDENTS
- Page 271 and 272:
TIME USE aSurveyyearAgegroupUnpaid
- Page 273 and 274:
TIME USE aSurveyyearAgegroupUnpaid
- Page 275 and 276:
TIME USE aSurveyyearAgegroupUnpaid
- Page 277 and 278:
TIME USE aSurveyyearAgegroupUnpaid
- Page 279 and 280:
TIME USE aSurveyyearAgegroupUnpaid
- Page 281 and 282:
YOUTHUNEMPLOYMENT RATE ¥OCCUPATION
- Page 283 and 284: YOUTHUNEMPLOYMENT RATE ¥OCCUPATION
- Page 285 and 286: YOUTHUNEMPLOYMENT RATE ¥OCCUPATION
- Page 287 and 288: YOUTHUNEMPLOYMENT RATE ¥OCCUPATION
- Page 289 and 290: YOUTHUNEMPLOYMENT RATE ¥OCCUPATION
- Page 291 and 292: HEALTH SERVICESPublic health expend
- Page 293 and 294: HEALTH SERVICESPublic health expend
- Page 295 and 296: HEALTH SERVICESPublic health expend
- Page 297 and 298: HEALTH SERVICESPublic health expend
- Page 299 and 300: HEALTH SERVICESPublic health expend
- Page 301 and 302: RESERVATIONS TO CEDAWCEDAW status a
- Page 303 and 304: RESERVATIONS TO CEDAWCEDAW status a
- Page 305 and 306: ANNEX 7:UN WOMEN REGIONAL GROUPINGS
- Page 307 and 308: Gammage, Sarah, Carla Kraft and Tom
- Page 309 and 310: classification of low-income econom
- Page 311 and 312: 96. ILO 2000a, article 6, says that
- Page 313 and 314: 285. This estimation is based on a
- Page 315 and 316: 235. Aguirre and Ferrari 2014.236.
- Page 317 and 318: REFERENCESAbalu, G. and R. Hassan.
- Page 319 and 320: Berg, J. 2009. “Brazil: The Minim
- Page 321 and 322: Cook, S. and X.-Y. Dong. 2011. “H
- Page 323 and 324: . 2015. “UNECE Statistical Databa
- Page 325 and 326: Galindo, L.M. and J. Ros. 2008. “
- Page 327 and 328: . 2014. “Progressive Policy Chang
- Page 329 and 330: . 2007. “Marriage, Motherhood and
- Page 331 and 332: McIntyre, D., M.K. Ranson, B.K. Aul
- Page 333: Phelan, J.C., B.G. Link and J.F. Do
- Page 337 and 338: . 2012c. “Report of the Working G
- Page 339: . 2014d. “Trachoma: Situation and
- Page 342: 220 East 42nd StreetNew York, NY 10