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Figure 3.4Proportion of people above statutory pensionable age receiving an old-age pension by sex, selected countries,2006-2012In most countries, women are less likely to receive an old-age pension than menUnited States91% 95%Spain47% 97%Germany100% 100%Croatia44% 85%Finland100% 100%Albania61% 100%Azerbaijan79% 83%Kyrgyzstan100% 100%El Salvador10% 32%DominicanRepublic6% 17%Cameroon6% 20%Egypt8% 62%Jordan12% 82%These three countries achieve close to universal coverage andcomparatively smaller gender gaps in pension coverage thanks tothe introduction of widely available non-contributory pensions.Mozambique16% 20%Burundi2% 7%83% 91% 100% 100%100% 100%Gender gap (percentage points)BrazilBolivia,Plurinational State ofBotswanaNo data80or more60-7940-5920-391-190 -1 to -20Source: ILO 2014h.Note: Data refer to the most recent available during the period specified. See Annex 5 for a complete list of countries with data. The amount of pension benefits women and men receivediffer widely across and within countries. Even if a relatively large share of women and men receive an old-age pension, there may be large gender gaps in benefit levels; or non-contributorypensions, on which women rely more strongly than men, may not be enough to lift them out of poverty (see data on benefit levels in Annex 5).
Figure 3.5Proportion of working-age population contributing to a pension scheme by sex, selected countries, 2007-2012In most countries, women are much less likely than men to contribute to a pension schemeCanada67% 70%Spain60% 72%Croatia47% 55%Hungary71% 71%Nepal1% 4%Bhutan6% 12%United States76% 81%Germany59% 61%Turkey12% 44%Belarus57% 29%Viet Nam17% 18%DominicanRepublic18% 23%Malaysia24% 32%Solomon Islands26% 67%El Salvador16% 24%Egypt13% 45%Cameroon2% 9%Burundi1% 8%Jordan12% 33%Brazil26% 37%Bolivia,Plurinational State of16% 29%Gabon24% 89%United Republic ofTanzania2% 4%Libya4% 19%Vanuatu18% 16%Saudi Arabia2%44%Gender gap (percentage points)No data80or more60-7940-5920-391-190 -1 to -19 -19or lessSource: ILO 2014h.Note: Data refer to the most recent available during the period specified. See Annex 5 for a complete list of countries with data.149
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PROGRESS OF THE WORLD’S WOMEN 201
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PROGRESS OF THE WORLD’S WOMEN 201
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FOREWORDBY PHUMZILEMLAMBO-NGCUKAUND
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UN Women headquarters staffWritten
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2TRANSFORMINGWORK FOR WOMEN’S RIG
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4TOWARDSAN ENABLING MACROECONOMIC E
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average earn just half as much inco
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‘ensuring that they do not mainta
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childcare, are just as important an
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ights principles are also an import
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“Most of these women did not choo
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SUBSTANTIVE EQUALITYFOR WOMEN:The c
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5The international human rights sys
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No empowerment without rightsA wide
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Figure 1.1Number of countries with
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adapt to changing social practices
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The number of countries with polici
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in the vast majority of countries.
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In other words, ‘discrimination i
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States must also guard against deli
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International human rights mechanis
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Figure 1.4A FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTAN
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BOX 1.4Gender and poverty: What do
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Figure 1.6Ratio of net secondary at
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Crisis and austerity are jeopardizi
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BOX 1.5Gender stereotypes and punis
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stood at close to 22 per cent—far
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Achievements have been significant.
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Drawing on the understanding of sub
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Yet Rana Plaza proved a turning poi
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TRANSFORMING WORKFOR WOMEN’S RIGH
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workers open to abuse and exploitat
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IN BRIEF/1Paid work can be a founda
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INTRODUCTIONAccess to decent employ
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Second, the range of opportunities
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Chapter overviewThe first part of t
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Figure 2.1Labour force participatio
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ALBGTMSLVFigure 2.3AN EYE ON THE GA
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Another striking trend is the decli
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In a study on Germany, France, Swed
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The unequal distribution of unpaid
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Figure 2.5Typical childcare arrange
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Today, parental leave is commonplac
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their skills. Its most pernicious i
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Causes of occupational segregationT
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programme aims to address the great
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CLOSING GENDER PAY GAPSPersistent g
Page 100 and 101: Causes of gender pay gapsIn looking
Page 102 and 103: while the rest have multiple minimu
Page 104 and 105: access to services that reduce wome
Page 106 and 107: Figure 2.11Segmentation of informal
Page 108 and 109: Extending rights at work for paid d
Page 110 and 111: For example, the legal and regulato
Page 112 and 113: the problems faced by poor people l
Page 114 and 115: Women’s organizations, such as th
Page 116 and 117: Governments should:• Ensure that
Page 118 and 119: Despite being dispersed across seve
Page 120 and 121: In recent years, globalization and
Page 122 and 123: The Veshya Anyay Mukti Parishad (VA
Page 125: MAKING SOCIAL POLICYWORK FOR WOMEN1
Page 128 and 129: The team behind the Egyptian progra
Page 130 and 131: IN BRIEF/1Demographic, family and h
Page 132 and 133: INTRODUCTIONSocial policy is fundam
Page 134 and 135: social policy design and delivery c
Page 136 and 137: TOWARDS GENDER EQUALITYIN SOCIAL TR
Page 138 and 139: Figure 3.2Women’s personal income
Page 140 and 141: the potential to contribute to the
Page 142 and 143: No guarantee of empowermentHowever,
Page 144 and 145: BOX 3.3Transforming conditional cas
Page 146 and 147: Table 3.2Selected employment guaran
Page 148 and 149: BOX 3.4Ethiopia’s PSNP: Gender-re
Page 152 and 153: Gender gaps in pension outcomes ref
Page 154 and 155: But even where individual capital a
Page 156 and 157: coverage. In these cases, women wil
Page 158 and 159: 22 per cent of the poverty line. To
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Page 162 and 163: Figure 3.7Percentage of women who r
Page 164 and 165: was a watershed, bringing the count
Page 166 and 167: BOX 3.9Rwanda’s rapid decline in
Page 168 and 169: Figure 3.9Proportion of women who s
Page 170 and 171: Breaking down institutional barrier
Page 172 and 173: care for all are the best way to en
Page 174 and 175: uneven. Data on early childhood edu
Page 176 and 177: Balancing educational and childcare
Page 178 and 179: Table 3.3Care arrangements for olde
Page 180 and 181: RecommendationsCare services are an
Page 182 and 183: they rarely have the control over h
Page 184 and 185: formidable access barriers, particu
Page 186 and 187: the Geneva-based Water Supply and S
Page 189 and 190: MAKING PROGRESS/STORIES OF CHANGEA
Page 191: strain. In 1996, the country’s HI
Page 194 and 195: IN BRIEF/1Macroeconomic policies af
Page 196 and 197: INTRODUCTIONAdvances in substantive
Page 198 and 199: hierarchy. 10 Greece, for example,
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Figure 4.1Female to male secondary
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and the United Republic of Tanzania
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In order to adequately recognize an
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Overall, since the 1980s macroecono
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Figure 4.4Government general revenu
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formal employment that benefits fro
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approaches to macroeconomics, howev
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improving the way in which taxes ar
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policy and reinforce global depende
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incentives diverge. Credit allocati
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social services (see Chapter 3). Th
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youth, can prevent the accumulation
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Figure 4.7Open Budget Index, 2012Th
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Article 2.1 of the ICESCR states th
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treaty between the Plurinational St
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agreements—but they go further by
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MAKING PROGRESS/STORIES OF CHANGECO
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“Everything I personally did, and
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equality, emphasizing women’s pra
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3. Strengthen women’s income secu
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• Implementing gender-responsive
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• Developing standards for the co
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MONITORING WOMEN’SECONOMIC ANDSOC
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from water sources, therefore affec
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censuses, time use and violence aga
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percentage of gross domestic produc
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TYPE OF EMPLOYMENT dWOMEN’S EARNI
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FIELD OF STUDY OF TERTIARY STUDENTS
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TIME USE aSurveyyearAgegroupUnpaid
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YOUTHUNEMPLOYMENT RATE ¥OCCUPATION
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HEALTH SERVICESPublic health expend
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RESERVATIONS TO CEDAWCEDAW status a
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RESERVATIONS TO CEDAWCEDAW status a
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ANNEX 7:UN WOMEN REGIONAL GROUPINGS
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Gammage, Sarah, Carla Kraft and Tom
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classification of low-income econom
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96. ILO 2000a, article 6, says that
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285. This estimation is based on a
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235. Aguirre and Ferrari 2014.236.
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REFERENCESAbalu, G. and R. Hassan.
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Berg, J. 2009. “Brazil: The Minim
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Cook, S. and X.-Y. Dong. 2011. “H
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. 2015. “UNECE Statistical Databa
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Galindo, L.M. and J. Ros. 2008. “
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. 2014. “Progressive Policy Chang
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. 2007. “Marriage, Motherhood and
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McIntyre, D., M.K. Ranson, B.K. Aul
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Phelan, J.C., B.G. Link and J.F. Do
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Staritz, C. and J.G. Reis, eds. 201
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. 2012c. “Report of the Working G
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. 2014d. “Trachoma: Situation and
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