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CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY 10MAKING PROGRESS/STORIES OF CHANGEMAKING WOMEN’S RIGHTS REAL:Transforming women’s lives in north-eastern Brazil18/1SUBSTANTIVE EQUALITY FOR WOMEN:THE CHALLENGE FOR PUBLIC POLICYIN BRIEFINTRODUCTIONEQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW: PROGRESS, SETBACKS AND LIMITATIONSProgress in legal reformPersistent inequalities in practiceSUBSTANTIVE EQUALITY IN HUMAN RIGHTS FRAMEWORKSWho has obligations to uphold women’s economic and social rights?Demanding accountability for women’s rightsSUBSTANTIVE EQUALITY FOR WOMEN: A FRAMEWORK FOR ACTIONRedressing women’s socio-economic disadvantageAddressing stereotyping, stigma and violenceStrengthening women’s agency, voice and participationTransforming structures and institutions for women’s substantive equalityCONCLUSIONS222426282833353740424449525556MAKING PROGRESS/STORIES OF CHANGEOUT OF THE ASHES:Creating change from tragedy in Bangladesh’s garment industry58FIGURESFigure 1.1 Number of countries with or without select women’s rights provisions, 2014Figure 1.2 Gender equality in property ownership and inheritance law by region, 1990 and 2010Figure 1.3 Percentage of countries with legal provisions and policies, 1975-2005Figure 1.4 A framework for understanding substantive equalityFigure 1.5 Ratio of the share of women to men of prime working age (20-59 years) in the poorest20 per cent of householdsFigure 1.6 Ratio of net secondary attendance rates of girls in the richest wealth quintile to girls inthe poorest quintile, 2000-2005 and 2007-2013Figure 1.7 Ratio of skilled assistance rates of women in the richest wealth quintile to women in thepoorest quintile 2000-2005 and 2007-2013BOXESBox 1.1 Women’s collective action paves the way to legal reform in MoroccoBox 1.2 Substantive equality as defined in the human rights systemBox 1.3 State obligations under the International Covenant for Economic, Social and CulturalRights (ICESCR): Accountability for what?Box 1.4 Gender and poverty: What do we know?Box 1.5 Gender stereotypes and punishment for nonconformity: The case of ‘corrective’ rape inSouth AfricaBox 1.6 Challenging male dominance in agrarian movements: The case of Via Campesina29313243464748303638455154