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policy that brings women together to raise theirawareness of their rights and provide a spacefor critical reflection and discussion; training inmale-dominated occupations that can challengegender-based segmentations in the labourmarket and provide work that is better paid;and childcare services that enable them to takepart in the training sessions. 153 The challengeis to take the transformative approach ofprogrammes such as Chapéu de Palha Mulher toscale—providing resources, services and spacesthat respond to women’s immediate needswhile disrupting the structures that reinforcetheir subordination and constrain the practicalenjoyment of their rights.As subsequent chapters will show, moreof the same is not enough for women andgirls. Substantive equality requires thefundamental transformation of economic andsocial institutions at every level of society,from households to labour markets and fromcommunities to local, national and globalgovernance institutions. Rather than simplyadding paid work or poverty reduction towomen’s already long `to-do’ lists, responsibilitiesfor income-earning, caregiving and domesticwork need to be redistributed more equally.Male-biased employment structures must betransformed in ways that work for both womenand men and benefit society at large (see Chapter2); social protection and social services must notonly aim to equalize access, but also need to beredesigned with women’s rights at their heart (seeChapter 3); and existing macroeconomic policiesshould be significantly reoriented to supportrather than constrain the realization of rights (seeChapter 4).CONCLUSIONSLaws that establish equal rights for women andmen provide a solid foundation, and indeed apre-condition, for demanding and achievinggender equality. However, the achievementof gender equality in practice, especially forpoorer women and those who are marginalized,requires the dismantling of structural barriersas well as of discriminatory social norms andstereotypes. International human rights standardsand principles set out clear obligations for goingbeyond formal equality and the provision of ‘sametreatment’ by recognizing that different treatmentmight be required to achieve equality of outcomes.Under their commitments to human rights treaties,including CEDAW and the ICESCR, States haveobligations to take positive steps to eliminate allforms of discrimination against women, includingstructural and indirect discrimination that may occurwhen laws, policies and programmes based onseemingly gender-neutral criteria have a detrimentalimpact on women. Women’s collective actionhas been critical to bringing gender equality intothe human rights system and remains vital to therealization of their substantive equality. In the processof claiming rights, women’s collective action cancontribute to building state accountability to women.The framework outlined in this chapter cansupport governments to meet their obligations torespect, protect and fulfil human rights and it canalso galvanize women’s rights advocates to holdgovernments and other duty-bearers to account fortheir commitments.
Drawing on the understanding of substantiveequality in human rights texts, this frameworkhas three interconnected dimensions alongwhich actions need to be taken to achieveprogress towards substantive equality for women:redressing women’s socio-economic disadvantage;addressing stereotyping, stigma and violence;and strengthening women’s agency, voice andparticipation. Public action across these threedimensions makes meaningful change in existinginstitutional rules and incentive structures possible,enabling the fulfilment of rights and triggeringlasting transformation in the lives of women andgirls.57
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PROGRESS OF THE WORLD’S WOMEN 201
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PROGRESS OF THE WORLD’S WOMEN 201
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FOREWORDBY PHUMZILEMLAMBO-NGCUKAUND
Page 7 and 8: UN Women headquarters staffWritten
Page 9 and 10: 2TRANSFORMINGWORK FOR WOMEN’S RIG
Page 11 and 12: 4TOWARDSAN ENABLING MACROECONOMIC E
Page 13 and 14: average earn just half as much inco
Page 15 and 16: ‘ensuring that they do not mainta
Page 17 and 18: childcare, are just as important an
Page 19: ights principles are also an import
Page 22 and 23: “Most of these women did not choo
Page 25 and 26: SUBSTANTIVE EQUALITYFOR WOMEN:The c
Page 27 and 28: 5The international human rights sys
Page 29 and 30: No empowerment without rightsA wide
Page 31 and 32: Figure 1.1Number of countries with
Page 33 and 34: adapt to changing social practices
Page 35 and 36: The number of countries with polici
Page 37 and 38: in the vast majority of countries.
Page 39 and 40: In other words, ‘discrimination i
Page 41 and 42: States must also guard against deli
Page 43 and 44: International human rights mechanis
Page 45 and 46: Figure 1.4A FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTAN
Page 47 and 48: BOX 1.4Gender and poverty: What do
Page 49 and 50: Figure 1.6Ratio of net secondary at
Page 51 and 52: Crisis and austerity are jeopardizi
Page 53 and 54: BOX 1.5Gender stereotypes and punis
Page 55 and 56: stood at close to 22 per cent—far
Page 57: Achievements have been significant.
Page 62 and 63: Yet Rana Plaza proved a turning poi
Page 65: TRANSFORMING WORKFOR WOMEN’S RIGH
Page 68 and 69: workers open to abuse and exploitat
Page 70 and 71: IN BRIEF/1Paid work can be a founda
Page 72 and 73: INTRODUCTIONAccess to decent employ
Page 74 and 75: Second, the range of opportunities
Page 76 and 77: Chapter overviewThe first part of t
Page 78 and 79: Figure 2.1Labour force participatio
Page 80 and 81: ALBGTMSLVFigure 2.3AN EYE ON THE GA
Page 82 and 83: Another striking trend is the decli
Page 84 and 85: In a study on Germany, France, Swed
Page 86 and 87: The unequal distribution of unpaid
Page 88 and 89: Figure 2.5Typical childcare arrange
Page 90 and 91: Today, parental leave is commonplac
Page 92 and 93: their skills. Its most pernicious i
Page 94 and 95: Causes of occupational segregationT
Page 96 and 97: programme aims to address the great
Page 98 and 99: CLOSING GENDER PAY GAPSPersistent g
Page 100 and 101: Causes of gender pay gapsIn looking
Page 102 and 103: while the rest have multiple minimu
Page 104 and 105: access to services that reduce wome
Page 106 and 107: Figure 2.11Segmentation of informal
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Extending rights at work for paid d
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For example, the legal and regulato
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the problems faced by poor people l
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Women’s organizations, such as th
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Governments should:• Ensure that
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Despite being dispersed across seve
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In recent years, globalization and
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The Veshya Anyay Mukti Parishad (VA
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MAKING SOCIAL POLICYWORK FOR WOMEN1
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The team behind the Egyptian progra
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IN BRIEF/1Demographic, family and h
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INTRODUCTIONSocial policy is fundam
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social policy design and delivery c
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TOWARDS GENDER EQUALITYIN SOCIAL TR
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Figure 3.2Women’s personal income
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the potential to contribute to the
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No guarantee of empowermentHowever,
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BOX 3.3Transforming conditional cas
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Table 3.2Selected employment guaran
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BOX 3.4Ethiopia’s PSNP: Gender-re
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Figure 3.4Proportion of people abov
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Gender gaps in pension outcomes ref
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But even where individual capital a
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coverage. In these cases, women wil
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22 per cent of the poverty line. To
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on women and girls. Because they ar
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Figure 3.7Percentage of women who r
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was a watershed, bringing the count
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BOX 3.9Rwanda’s rapid decline in
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Figure 3.9Proportion of women who s
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Breaking down institutional barrier
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care for all are the best way to en
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uneven. Data on early childhood edu
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Balancing educational and childcare
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Table 3.3Care arrangements for olde
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RecommendationsCare services are an
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they rarely have the control over h
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formidable access barriers, particu
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the Geneva-based Water Supply and S
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MAKING PROGRESS/STORIES OF CHANGEA
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strain. In 1996, the country’s HI
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IN BRIEF/1Macroeconomic policies af
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INTRODUCTIONAdvances in substantive
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hierarchy. 10 Greece, for example,
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Figure 4.1Female to male secondary
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and the United Republic of Tanzania
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In order to adequately recognize an
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Overall, since the 1980s macroecono
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Figure 4.4Government general revenu
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formal employment that benefits fro
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approaches to macroeconomics, howev
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improving the way in which taxes ar
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policy and reinforce global depende
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incentives diverge. Credit allocati
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social services (see Chapter 3). Th
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youth, can prevent the accumulation
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Figure 4.7Open Budget Index, 2012Th
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Article 2.1 of the ICESCR states th
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treaty between the Plurinational St
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agreements—but they go further by
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MAKING PROGRESS/STORIES OF CHANGECO
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“Everything I personally did, and
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equality, emphasizing women’s pra
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3. Strengthen women’s income secu
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• Implementing gender-responsive
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• Developing standards for the co
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MONITORING WOMEN’SECONOMIC ANDSOC
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from water sources, therefore affec
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censuses, time use and violence aga
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percentage of gross domestic produc
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TYPE OF EMPLOYMENT dWOMEN’S EARNI
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FIELD OF STUDY OF TERTIARY STUDENTS
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TIME USE aSurveyyearAgegroupUnpaid
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YOUTHUNEMPLOYMENT RATE ¥OCCUPATION
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HEALTH SERVICESPublic health expend
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RESERVATIONS TO CEDAWCEDAW status a
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RESERVATIONS TO CEDAWCEDAW status a
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ANNEX 7:UN WOMEN REGIONAL GROUPINGS
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Gammage, Sarah, Carla Kraft and Tom
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classification of low-income econom
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96. ILO 2000a, article 6, says that
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285. This estimation is based on a
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235. Aguirre and Ferrari 2014.236.
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REFERENCESAbalu, G. and R. Hassan.
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Berg, J. 2009. “Brazil: The Minim
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Cook, S. and X.-Y. Dong. 2011. “H
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. 2015. “UNECE Statistical Databa
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Galindo, L.M. and J. Ros. 2008. “
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. 2014. “Progressive Policy Chang
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. 2007. “Marriage, Motherhood and
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McIntyre, D., M.K. Ranson, B.K. Aul
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Phelan, J.C., B.G. Link and J.F. Do
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Staritz, C. and J.G. Reis, eds. 201
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. 2012c. “Report of the Working G
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. 2014d. “Trachoma: Situation and
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