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ALBGTMSLVFigure 2.3AN EYE ON THE GAPThe global gender gap in labour force participationAcross all regions, almost all men of prime working age (25-54 years) participate in the labour force, while rates ofparticipation vary widely for women. The gender gap is striking and persistent: in no region has it been eliminated.South AsiaKENGNBGINGHAsub-Saharan AfricaGMBGABETHERIGNQDJICIVCODCOGCOMTCDCAFCPVCMRBDIBFABWABENAGOLKAPAKNPLMDVIRNINDBTNBGDAFGYEMARETUNSYRLSOMDGLBRMWIMiddle East and North AfricaSAUQATOMNPSEMARLBYLBNMLIJORKWTMRTIRQMUSEGYMOZBHRNAMDZANERNGARWASTPSENSLESOMZAFSDNSWZTZATGOUGAZMBZWEARM100%50%0%AZEBLRBIHBGRHRVCentral and Eastern Europe and Central AsiaCYPCZEESTGEOHUNKAZKGZLVALTUMKDVUTMDATONMNETLSPOLTHASLBROUSGPRUSWSMSRBEast Asia and the PacifiicPHLSVKPNGSVNTJKMNGMMRTURLAOMYSTKMUKRUZBPRKKORHKGIDNAUSAUTFJIBELCANBRNKHMCHNDNKFINMaleFemaleFRADEUGRCISLIRLISRITAPRTESPSWEGHEBRGUSAJPNLUXMLTNLDNZLNORDeveloped RegionsVENURYTTOSURVCTLCAPERPRYPANNICMEXJAMHNDHTIGUYECUCUBCRICOLCHLBRABOLBLZBRBBHSARGVNMDOMLatin America and the CaribbeanSource: ILO 2015c.Note: The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) three letter country codes are used to stand for country name. The figures uses 2013 ILO data on average labour force participationfor those aged 25 to 54, disaggregated by sex.* 27 refers to the labour force participation gap of all working-age women and men, aged 15 years and over.
A VISION FOR WOMEN’S RIGHTSTO WORK AND AT WORKequal accessto paid workdecent work,with socialprotectionfair andadequateearningsequal sharingof unpaid carework2675%24%2.5XThe percentagepoint gap betweenwomen’s andmen’s labour forceparticipation*The proportionof women’semployment thatis informal andunprotected indeveloping regionsThe averageglobal genderpay gapHow muchmore timewomen spendon unpaid careand domesticwork than menTHE REALITY79
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PROGRESS OF THE WORLD’S WOMEN 201
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PROGRESS OF THE WORLD’S WOMEN 201
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FOREWORDBY PHUMZILEMLAMBO-NGCUKAUND
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UN Women headquarters staffWritten
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2TRANSFORMINGWORK FOR WOMEN’S RIG
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4TOWARDSAN ENABLING MACROECONOMIC E
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average earn just half as much inco
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‘ensuring that they do not mainta
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childcare, are just as important an
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ights principles are also an import
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“Most of these women did not choo
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SUBSTANTIVE EQUALITYFOR WOMEN:The c
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5The international human rights sys
Page 29 and 30: No empowerment without rightsA wide
Page 31 and 32: Figure 1.1Number of countries with
Page 33 and 34: adapt to changing social practices
Page 35 and 36: The number of countries with polici
Page 37 and 38: in the vast majority of countries.
Page 39 and 40: In other words, ‘discrimination i
Page 41 and 42: States must also guard against deli
Page 43 and 44: International human rights mechanis
Page 45 and 46: Figure 1.4A FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTAN
Page 47 and 48: BOX 1.4Gender and poverty: What do
Page 49 and 50: Figure 1.6Ratio of net secondary at
Page 51 and 52: Crisis and austerity are jeopardizi
Page 53 and 54: BOX 1.5Gender stereotypes and punis
Page 55 and 56: stood at close to 22 per cent—far
Page 57 and 58: Achievements have been significant.
Page 59: Drawing on the understanding of sub
Page 62 and 63: Yet Rana Plaza proved a turning poi
Page 65: TRANSFORMING WORKFOR WOMEN’S RIGH
Page 68 and 69: workers open to abuse and exploitat
Page 70 and 71: IN BRIEF/1Paid work can be a founda
Page 72 and 73: INTRODUCTIONAccess to decent employ
Page 74 and 75: Second, the range of opportunities
Page 76 and 77: Chapter overviewThe first part of t
Page 78 and 79: Figure 2.1Labour force participatio
Page 82 and 83: Another striking trend is the decli
Page 84 and 85: In a study on Germany, France, Swed
Page 86 and 87: The unequal distribution of unpaid
Page 88 and 89: Figure 2.5Typical childcare arrange
Page 90 and 91: Today, parental leave is commonplac
Page 92 and 93: their skills. Its most pernicious i
Page 94 and 95: Causes of occupational segregationT
Page 96 and 97: programme aims to address the great
Page 98 and 99: CLOSING GENDER PAY GAPSPersistent g
Page 100 and 101: Causes of gender pay gapsIn looking
Page 102 and 103: while the rest have multiple minimu
Page 104 and 105: access to services that reduce wome
Page 106 and 107: Figure 2.11Segmentation of informal
Page 108 and 109: Extending rights at work for paid d
Page 110 and 111: For example, the legal and regulato
Page 112 and 113: the problems faced by poor people l
Page 114 and 115: Women’s organizations, such as th
Page 116 and 117: Governments should:• Ensure that
Page 118 and 119: Despite being dispersed across seve
Page 120 and 121: In recent years, globalization and
Page 122 and 123: The Veshya Anyay Mukti Parishad (VA
Page 125: MAKING SOCIAL POLICYWORK FOR WOMEN1
Page 128 and 129: The team behind the Egyptian progra
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IN BRIEF/1Demographic, family and h
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INTRODUCTIONSocial policy is fundam
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social policy design and delivery c
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TOWARDS GENDER EQUALITYIN SOCIAL TR
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Figure 3.2Women’s personal income
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the potential to contribute to the
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No guarantee of empowermentHowever,
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BOX 3.3Transforming conditional cas
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Table 3.2Selected employment guaran
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BOX 3.4Ethiopia’s PSNP: Gender-re
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Figure 3.4Proportion of people abov
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Gender gaps in pension outcomes ref
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But even where individual capital a
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coverage. In these cases, women wil
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22 per cent of the poverty line. To
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on women and girls. Because they ar
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Figure 3.7Percentage of women who r
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was a watershed, bringing the count
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BOX 3.9Rwanda’s rapid decline in
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Figure 3.9Proportion of women who s
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Breaking down institutional barrier
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care for all are the best way to en
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uneven. Data on early childhood edu
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Balancing educational and childcare
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Table 3.3Care arrangements for olde
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RecommendationsCare services are an
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they rarely have the control over h
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formidable access barriers, particu
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the Geneva-based Water Supply and S
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MAKING PROGRESS/STORIES OF CHANGEA
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strain. In 1996, the country’s HI
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IN BRIEF/1Macroeconomic policies af
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INTRODUCTIONAdvances in substantive
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hierarchy. 10 Greece, for example,
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Figure 4.1Female to male secondary
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and the United Republic of Tanzania
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In order to adequately recognize an
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Overall, since the 1980s macroecono
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Figure 4.4Government general revenu
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formal employment that benefits fro
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approaches to macroeconomics, howev
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improving the way in which taxes ar
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policy and reinforce global depende
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incentives diverge. Credit allocati
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social services (see Chapter 3). Th
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youth, can prevent the accumulation
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Figure 4.7Open Budget Index, 2012Th
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Article 2.1 of the ICESCR states th
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treaty between the Plurinational St
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agreements—but they go further by
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MAKING PROGRESS/STORIES OF CHANGECO
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“Everything I personally did, and
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equality, emphasizing women’s pra
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3. Strengthen women’s income secu
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• Implementing gender-responsive
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• Developing standards for the co
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MONITORING WOMEN’SECONOMIC ANDSOC
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from water sources, therefore affec
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censuses, time use and violence aga
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percentage of gross domestic produc
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TYPE OF EMPLOYMENT dWOMEN’S EARNI
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FIELD OF STUDY OF TERTIARY STUDENTS
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TIME USE aSurveyyearAgegroupUnpaid
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YOUTHUNEMPLOYMENT RATE ¥OCCUPATION
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HEALTH SERVICESPublic health expend
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RESERVATIONS TO CEDAWCEDAW status a
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RESERVATIONS TO CEDAWCEDAW status a
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ANNEX 7:UN WOMEN REGIONAL GROUPINGS
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Gammage, Sarah, Carla Kraft and Tom
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classification of low-income econom
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96. ILO 2000a, article 6, says that
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285. This estimation is based on a
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235. Aguirre and Ferrari 2014.236.
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REFERENCESAbalu, G. and R. Hassan.
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Berg, J. 2009. “Brazil: The Minim
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Cook, S. and X.-Y. Dong. 2011. “H
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. 2015. “UNECE Statistical Databa
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Galindo, L.M. and J. Ros. 2008. “
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. 2014. “Progressive Policy Chang
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. 2007. “Marriage, Motherhood and
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McIntyre, D., M.K. Ranson, B.K. Aul
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Phelan, J.C., B.G. Link and J.F. Do
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Staritz, C. and J.G. Reis, eds. 201
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. 2012c. “Report of the Working G
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. 2014d. “Trachoma: Situation and
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