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85. Elson 1998.86. UN Women maintains a website withresources on gender-responsive budgeting.See http://gender-financing.unwomen.org.87. UN Women Forthcoming; Elson 1998.88. Pollin and Zhu 2006.89. Elson 2014.90. Cunha et al. 2011.91. Bernanke 2012.92. Dobbs et al. 2013; Bell et al. 2012.93. Lavigne et al. 2014.94. For a discussion of these issues in the contextof sub-Saharan Africa, see Heintz 2013a.95. See, for example, the findings of theU.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission(Angelides and Thomas 2011).96. Braunstein 2014; Chant 2008a; UNRISD2010a.97. Chang and Grabel 2014.98. Cordero and Montecino 2010.99. IMF 2013a; Lim et al. 2011.100. Alderman 2011; Heckman 1999, 2013;Naudeau et al. 2011.101. Engle et al. 2007; Irwin et al. 2007.102. Bornstein et al. 2008.103. Heckman 2013.104. Chong-Bum and Seung-Hoon 2006.105. Bloom, Canning and Sevilla 2003.106. Jones, Harper et al. 2010, Levine et al. 2008.107. Field and Ambrus 2008.108. Conde-Agudelo et al. 2005.109. White and Holmes 2006.110. Hardgrove et al. 2014.111. UNICEF 2011b.112. Adams 2007; Boyden 2013; OECD 2013.113. UNESCO 2012a.114. Hardgrove et al. 2014.115. Central Bank News 2015.116. European Central Bank 2015.117. IBP 2012.118. The Open Budget Index (OBI) ranks countries(between 0 and 100) based on the responsesto 95 survey questions on the degree ofbudget transparency and the degreeto which budget information is publiclyavailable. The survey also asks questionsabout public participation and oversight,although these questions are not used tocalculate the index.119. IBP 2012.120. See WBG 2014a.121. IBP 2011.122. Mbilinyi 2015; Rusimbi and Mbilinyi 2005;TGNP Mtandao 1999.123. Stiglitz 2000.124. Dowell-Jones 2012.125. Stiglitz 2000.126. Ocampo and Vos 2008.127. IILS 2011.128. Ocampo 2010.129. Fukuda-Parr et al. 2013.130. Heintz 2009, 2013a.131. One way of doing this is through mispricinggoods and services that are transferredbetween different branches of the samecompany operating in different countries.By setting up a branch in a tax haven andthen manipulating the price of importspurchased from and exports shipped to otherdivisions and affiliates of the same companyoperating in different countries, corporationscan show their profits as accruing to thebranch in a tax haven rather than in acountry with higher taxes.132. Hollingshead 2010; Hutton 2012.133. Bakker 2014.134. Sinclair 2014.135. Ibid.136. Ibid.; Bakker 2014.137. Coomans 2011; Coomans and Kamminga2004; Sepulveda 2006.138. See Künnemann 2004.139. Elson et al. 2013.140. Coomans and Kamminga 2004.141. Bakker 2014.142. Ibid.143. Ibid.144. Cox 1992.145. Heintz 2013a.146. See Maastricht University, and InternationalCommission of Jurists 2011.147. These obligations are only legally bindingon States that have ratified the legalinstruments on which the MaastrichtPrinciples are based.148. See De Schutter et al. 2012.MOVING FORWARD: AN AGENDAFOR PUBLIC ACTION1. UN General Assembly 2014, para. 4.MONITORING WOMEN’S SOCIALAND ECONOMIC RIGHTS: THEROLE OF GENDER STATISTICS1. UN Statistics Division 2014a.2. UN 1995.3. UN Economic and Social Council 2013a. At theregional level, various initiatives on genderstatistics also exist, including coordinationmechanisms such as those under theauspices of regional statistical commissions.4. Ibid.; UN Economic and Social Council 2009.5. UN Economic and Social Council 2012b.6. Following the resolution of the 15thInternational Conference of LabourStatisticians (ICLS) in 1993, various effortshave been made to develop guidelinesand other tools to assist countries in theproduction of data on informal employment.These include the Guidelines on InformalEmployment adopted by the 17th ICLS in2003 (ILO 2003) as well as a manual on themeasurement of informality (ILO 2013e).7. Hirway and Jose 2011.8. See Deaton and Grosh 2000 for details on themerits and challenges of collecting incomeand consumption data using householdsurveys.9. Even though the intent is usually to interviewthe most knowledgeable person, surveyorshave to content with the realities on theground and the person who is availableat the time of the survey—who may be awoman—is usually selected for the interview.10. This is an example of the difference betweengender statistics and sex-disaggregateddata: while sex-disaggregated data areneeded to show the differences betweenwomen and men, gender statistics is abroader concept that enables the analysis ofgender issues.11. UN Economic and Social Council 2012b.12. UN Economic and Social Council 2014; seealso UN regional reviews ECA 2014, ECE 2014,ECLAC 2014, ESCAP 2014 and ESCWA 2014.13. UN 2013.14. Maetz 2013.15. The number of maternal deaths in 2013 wasestimated to be 289,000. However, basedon the range of uncertainty published bythe inter-agency monitoring group (WHO,UNPOP, UNICEF, World Bank), the value couldbe anywhere between 170,000 (40 per centless) to 500,000 (75 per cent more) deaths.UN Women calculations using data fromWHO et al. 2014.16. WHO 2014d.17. See IHSN 2015 for more details.18. UN 2010.19. Ibid.20. Paris21 2011.21. PARIS21 was founded in November 1999by the United Nations, the EuropeanCommission, the Organisation for EconomicCo-operation and Development, theInternational Monetary Fund and theWorld Bank, in response to the UnitedNations Economic and Social Councilresolution on the goals of the United NationsConference on Development. It set up aglobal framework of national, regional andinternational statisticians, analysts, policymakers, development professionals and otherusers of statistics. It is a forum and networkto promote, influence and facilitate statisticalcapacity development and the better use ofstatistics. See http://www.paris21.org/ formore information.22. The Busan Action Plan for Statistics, whichwas endorsed at the 4th High Level Forum onAid Effectiveness, includes several provisionsrelated to gender equality, including therequirement that gender statistics are fullymainstreamed into the national statisticalsystem and including an indicator on thenumber of countries incorporating specificplans for gender statistics in their NSDS inorder to track progress.23. OPM 2009.24. See, for example, UN 2010; UN StatisticsDivision 2013; UNFPA 2014a; UN DESA 2014;UN DESA 2005.25. UN Statistics Division 2015.26. See http://data2x.org/.