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ANNEX 1:PROFILE OF WOMEN AND MEN IN THE POOREST HOUSEHOLDSPOVERTY bLEVEL OF EDUCATION bISOCOUNTRYCODE ΨCOUNTRIESAND AREASNumber ofwomen forevery 100 menin pooresthouseholds aRatioNumber of‘female only’householdsfor every100 pooresthouseholds c Women Men% with noeducation% with onlyprimary% withsecondaryor higher% with noeducation% with onlyprimary% withsecondaryor higherSTP São Tomé and93 115 20.7 71.4 7.9 5.3 76.2 18.5PríncipeSEN Senegal 104 90 90.8 6.9 2.1 83.9 9.2 6.0SYC Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..SLE Sierra Leone 103 103 85.5 9.5 4.9 75.1 11.5 13.3SOM Somalia 96 107 .. .. .. .. .. ..ZAF South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..SSD South Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..SDN Sudan 113 147 84.6 12.5 2.9 g 60.6 29.4 10.0 gSWZ Swaziland 112 115 27.6 47.7 24.7 30.1 49.1 20.8TGO Togo 109 107 73.0 23.0 4.0 42.0 39.0 19.0UGA Uganda 108 111 38.7 58.0 3.3 19.7 0.0 13.9TZA United Republic of112 132 48.5 50.5 1.0 29.6 67.6 2.8TanzaniaZMB Zambia 97 84 24.2 67.8 7.9 11.5 68.1 20.3ZWE Zimbabwe 113 110 14.6 51.8 32.8 5.9 46.2 46.5Source:Columns 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 12: UN Women calculations based on most recent available data from Demographic Health Surveys (DHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS).Columns 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17: Special tabulations for UN Women by ICF International.
TYPE OF EMPLOYMENT dWOMEN’S EARNINGSCOMPARED TO THEIRSPOUSES EARNINGS d% notemployed% employedbut with no payWomen Men More Less% employed with pay(either cash, cash & inkind, in kind only)% notemployed% employedbut with nopay% employed withpay (either cash,cash & in kind, inkind only)(%)About thesame asspouseISOCOUNTRYCODE Ψ31.7 3.0 65.3 0.4 5.0 94.6 2.8 76.1 5.8 STP34.2 25.3 40.5 .. .. .. 3.8 92.6 1.5 SEN.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. SYC10.2 53.9 35.9 2.9 46.7 50.4 5.0 84.9 7.1 SLE.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. SOM.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ZAF.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. SSD.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. SDN58.2 3.4 38.4 41.6 4.7 53.7 6.7 57.8 2.9 SWZ.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. TGO19.8 30.7 49.5 1.7 24.9 73.4 10.5 69.1 13.6 UGA9.0 63.9 27.1 2.7 39.1 58.2 7.0 64.7 21.1 TZA31.8 36.6 31.6 3.7 36.2 60.1 8.8 65.3 19.6 ZMB67.1 1.3 31.6 35.6 10.3 54.1 12.2 54.7 24.3 ZWENotes:“..” indicates that data are not available.Ψ ISO country code refers to the three letter standard for the representation of names of countries published by the International Organization for Standardization.a. This indicator is calculated as follows: ∑(female in poor households)⁄(∑(male in poor households)/∑(female in all households)⁄(∑(male in all households). Values above 103 indicate that womenare overly represented in the poorest quintile. Values below 97 indicate that men are overly represented in the poorest quintile. Values between 97 and 103 indicate parity. ‘Poorest households’refers to the bottom 20 per cent of households, using the wealth asset index in Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS).b. Data refer to women and men aged 20-59.c. The indicator is calculated as follows: (∑(‘female-only’ household in lowest quintile)⁄(∑(total households in lowest quintile))/(∑(All ‘female-only’ households)⁄(∑(All households)). ‘Female-only’household refers to households with no male adults. The indicator represents the likelihood of ‘female-only’ households being among the poorest. Values above 103 indicate that ‘female-only’households are overly represented in the poorest quintile. Values below 97 indicate that ‘female-only’ households are underrepresented in the poorest quintile. Values between 97 and 103indicate that the share of ‘female-only’ households in the poorest quintile is proportional to their overall share in the entire sample. ‘Poorest households’ refers to the bottom 20 per cent ofhouseholds, using the wealth asset index in DHS and MICS.d. Data refer to the population aged 20 to 49.e. Primary includes non-standard and standard curriculum.f. Primary includes semi-literate, elementary and preparatory.g. Excludes Khalwa.257
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PROGRESS OF THE WORLD’S WOMEN 201
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PROGRESS OF THE WORLD’S WOMEN 201
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FOREWORDBY PHUMZILEMLAMBO-NGCUKAUND
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UN Women headquarters staffWritten
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2TRANSFORMINGWORK FOR WOMEN’S RIG
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4TOWARDSAN ENABLING MACROECONOMIC E
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average earn just half as much inco
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‘ensuring that they do not mainta
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childcare, are just as important an
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ights principles are also an import
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“Most of these women did not choo
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SUBSTANTIVE EQUALITYFOR WOMEN:The c
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5The international human rights sys
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No empowerment without rightsA wide
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Figure 1.1Number of countries with
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adapt to changing social practices
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The number of countries with polici
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in the vast majority of countries.
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In other words, ‘discrimination i
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States must also guard against deli
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International human rights mechanis
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Figure 1.4A FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTAN
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BOX 1.4Gender and poverty: What do
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Figure 1.6Ratio of net secondary at
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Crisis and austerity are jeopardizi
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BOX 1.5Gender stereotypes and punis
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stood at close to 22 per cent—far
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Achievements have been significant.
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Drawing on the understanding of sub
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Yet Rana Plaza proved a turning poi
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TRANSFORMING WORKFOR WOMEN’S RIGH
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workers open to abuse and exploitat
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IN BRIEF/1Paid work can be a founda
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INTRODUCTIONAccess to decent employ
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Second, the range of opportunities
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Chapter overviewThe first part of t
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Figure 2.1Labour force participatio
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ALBGTMSLVFigure 2.3AN EYE ON THE GA
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Another striking trend is the decli
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In a study on Germany, France, Swed
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The unequal distribution of unpaid
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Figure 2.5Typical childcare arrange
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Today, parental leave is commonplac
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their skills. Its most pernicious i
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Causes of occupational segregationT
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programme aims to address the great
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CLOSING GENDER PAY GAPSPersistent g
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Causes of gender pay gapsIn looking
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while the rest have multiple minimu
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access to services that reduce wome
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Figure 2.11Segmentation of informal
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Extending rights at work for paid d
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For example, the legal and regulato
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the problems faced by poor people l
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Women’s organizations, such as th
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Governments should:• Ensure that
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Despite being dispersed across seve
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In recent years, globalization and
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The Veshya Anyay Mukti Parishad (VA
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MAKING SOCIAL POLICYWORK FOR WOMEN1
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The team behind the Egyptian progra
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IN BRIEF/1Demographic, family and h
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INTRODUCTIONSocial policy is fundam
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social policy design and delivery c
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TOWARDS GENDER EQUALITYIN SOCIAL TR
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Figure 3.2Women’s personal income
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the potential to contribute to the
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No guarantee of empowermentHowever,
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BOX 3.3Transforming conditional cas
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Table 3.2Selected employment guaran
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BOX 3.4Ethiopia’s PSNP: Gender-re
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Figure 3.4Proportion of people abov
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Gender gaps in pension outcomes ref
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But even where individual capital a
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coverage. In these cases, women wil
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22 per cent of the poverty line. To
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on women and girls. Because they ar
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Figure 3.7Percentage of women who r
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was a watershed, bringing the count
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BOX 3.9Rwanda’s rapid decline in
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Figure 3.9Proportion of women who s
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Breaking down institutional barrier
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care for all are the best way to en
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uneven. Data on early childhood edu
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Balancing educational and childcare
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Table 3.3Care arrangements for olde
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RecommendationsCare services are an
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they rarely have the control over h
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formidable access barriers, particu
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the Geneva-based Water Supply and S
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MAKING PROGRESS/STORIES OF CHANGEA
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strain. In 1996, the country’s HI
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IN BRIEF/1Macroeconomic policies af
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INTRODUCTIONAdvances in substantive
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hierarchy. 10 Greece, for example,
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Figure 4.1Female to male secondary
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and the United Republic of Tanzania
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In order to adequately recognize an
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Overall, since the 1980s macroecono
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Page 220 and 221: social services (see Chapter 3). Th
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Page 224 and 225: Figure 4.7Open Budget Index, 2012Th
Page 226 and 227: Article 2.1 of the ICESCR states th
Page 228 and 229: treaty between the Plurinational St
Page 230 and 231: agreements—but they go further by
Page 233 and 234: MAKING PROGRESS/STORIES OF CHANGECO
Page 235 and 236: “Everything I personally did, and
Page 237 and 238: equality, emphasizing women’s pra
Page 239 and 240: 3. Strengthen women’s income secu
Page 241 and 242: • Implementing gender-responsive
Page 243 and 244: • Developing standards for the co
Page 245 and 246: MONITORING WOMEN’SECONOMIC ANDSOC
Page 247 and 248: from water sources, therefore affec
Page 249 and 250: censuses, time use and violence aga
Page 251 and 252: percentage of gross domestic produc
Page 253 and 254: TYPE OF EMPLOYMENT dWOMEN’S EARNI
Page 255 and 256: TYPE OF EMPLOYMENT dWOMEN’S EARNI
Page 257: TYPE OF EMPLOYMENT dWOMEN’S EARNI
Page 261 and 262: FIELD OF STUDY OF TERTIARY STUDENTS
Page 271 and 272: TIME USE aSurveyyearAgegroupUnpaid
Page 281 and 282: YOUTHUNEMPLOYMENT RATE ¥OCCUPATION
Page 291 and 292: HEALTH SERVICESPublic health expend
Page 301 and 302: RESERVATIONS TO CEDAWCEDAW status a
Page 303 and 304: RESERVATIONS TO CEDAWCEDAW status a
Page 305 and 306: ANNEX 7:UN WOMEN REGIONAL GROUPINGS
Page 307 and 308: Gammage, Sarah, Carla Kraft and Tom
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classification of low-income econom
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96. ILO 2000a, article 6, says that
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285. This estimation is based on a
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235. Aguirre and Ferrari 2014.236.
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REFERENCESAbalu, G. and R. Hassan.
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Berg, J. 2009. “Brazil: The Minim
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Cook, S. and X.-Y. Dong. 2011. “H
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. 2015. “UNECE Statistical Databa
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Galindo, L.M. and J. Ros. 2008. “
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. 2014. “Progressive Policy Chang
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. 2007. “Marriage, Motherhood and
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McIntyre, D., M.K. Ranson, B.K. Aul
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Phelan, J.C., B.G. Link and J.F. Do
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Staritz, C. and J.G. Reis, eds. 201
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. 2012c. “Report of the Working G
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. 2014d. “Trachoma: Situation and
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220 East 42nd StreetNew York, NY 10
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