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Those whose human rights have been violatedcan also use them to assert their moral claims.Activists can employ them as a tool to monitorpolicies or do advocacy work in order to advancethe effective reach of acknowledged human rights.Public debate, political campaigns and collectiveorganizing around human rights are also importantmeans to question discriminatory social norms,unequal power relations and unequal distributionof resources and to encourage poor andmarginalized women to see themselves as rightsholders. Work with marginalized communitiesmust begin with the realities of women’s lives andcreate the space for critical reflection and sharingof experiences. In doing so activists may not alwaysuse the language of human rights as their startingpoint, preferring to employ notions of fairnessand dignity that resonate better with grassrootswomen. 86Going back to the issue of legal rights with whichthis chapter began, the reason for putting women’seconomic and social rights into law is not only tomake them justiciable in court; it can also createthe political and societal momentum to ensurethat women’s rights can be enjoyed in practice.When economic and social rights are recognizedin constitutions and enshrined in laws, it helps buildpolitical legitimacy behind them. It can also createa horizon of societal expectations and spur publicaction. It can help women engage with those whoadminister the laws and programmes that shapetheir lives, be they land registration officers, healthservice providers or public school teachers andadministrators. 87SUBSTANTIVE EQUALITY FOR WOMEN:A FRAMEWORK FOR ACTIONAs the previous sections have shown, a keychallenge around the world is transforming formalrights into reality to enable women’s practicalenjoyment of their human rights. This is howsubstantive equality can be achieved. Public actionis fundamental to support this process. Basedon the work of Sandra Fredman and elaboratedby Fredman and Goldblatt (2014), this sectionproposes a framework, derived from human rightstreaties as well as the work of the treaty bodies, tosupport governments and other key actors to makethis change happen. 88 The framework identifiesthree interconnected dimensions along whichactions need to be taken in order to transformexisting structures and institutions so that allwomen are able to enjoy their rights:Redressing women’s socio-economicdisadvantageAddressing stereotyping, stigma and violenceStrengthening women’s agency, voice andparticipation. 89This Report puts the spotlight on the firstdimension—redressing socio-economicdisadvantage—and the achievement of women’seconomic and social rights. But as Figure 1.4 showsand the following chapters make clear, womencannot enjoy these rights without action to addressstereotyping, stigma and violence and strengthenwomen’s agency, voice and participation.
Figure 1.4A FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING SUBSTANTIVE EQUALITYREDRESSINGSOCIO-ECONOMICDISADVANTAGEADDRESSINGSTEREOTYPING, STIGMAAND VIOLENCESTRENGTHENINGAGENCY, VOICEAND PARTICIPATIONIntroduceuniversal socialtransfersthat do notstigmatize poorwomenImplementminimum wagesfor all workersSupport women’sorganizations toinfluence economicpolicymakingTRANSFORMINGINSTITUTIONS ANDSTRUCTURESSource: Fredman and Goldblatt 2014SUBSTANTIVE EQUALITY43
Page 1 and 2: PROGRESS OF THE WORLD’S WOMEN 201
Page 3 and 4: PROGRESS OF THE WORLD’S WOMEN 201
Page 5 and 6: FOREWORDBY PHUMZILEMLAMBO-NGCUKAUND
Page 7 and 8: UN Women headquarters staffWritten
Page 9 and 10: 2TRANSFORMINGWORK FOR WOMEN’S RIG
Page 11 and 12: 4TOWARDSAN ENABLING MACROECONOMIC E
Page 13 and 14: average earn just half as much inco
Page 15 and 16: ‘ensuring that they do not mainta
Page 17 and 18: childcare, are just as important an
Page 19: ights principles are also an import
Page 22 and 23: “Most of these women did not choo
Page 25 and 26: SUBSTANTIVE EQUALITYFOR WOMEN:The c
Page 27 and 28: 5The international human rights sys
Page 29 and 30: No empowerment without rightsA wide
Page 31 and 32: Figure 1.1Number of countries with
Page 33 and 34: adapt to changing social practices
Page 35 and 36: The number of countries with polici
Page 37 and 38: in the vast majority of countries.
Page 39 and 40: In other words, ‘discrimination i
Page 41 and 42: States must also guard against deli
Page 43: International human rights mechanis
Page 47 and 48: BOX 1.4Gender and poverty: What do
Page 49 and 50: Figure 1.6Ratio of net secondary at
Page 51 and 52: Crisis and austerity are jeopardizi
Page 53 and 54: BOX 1.5Gender stereotypes and punis
Page 55 and 56: stood at close to 22 per cent—far
Page 57 and 58: Achievements have been significant.
Page 59: Drawing on the understanding of sub
Page 62 and 63: Yet Rana Plaza proved a turning poi
Page 65: TRANSFORMING WORKFOR WOMEN’S RIGH
Page 68 and 69: workers open to abuse and exploitat
Page 70 and 71: IN BRIEF/1Paid work can be a founda
Page 72 and 73: INTRODUCTIONAccess to decent employ
Page 74 and 75: Second, the range of opportunities
Page 76 and 77: Chapter overviewThe first part of t
Page 78 and 79: Figure 2.1Labour force participatio
Page 80 and 81: ALBGTMSLVFigure 2.3AN EYE ON THE GA
Page 82 and 83: Another striking trend is the decli
Page 84 and 85: In a study on Germany, France, Swed
Page 86 and 87: The unequal distribution of unpaid
Page 88 and 89: Figure 2.5Typical childcare arrange
Page 90 and 91: Today, parental leave is commonplac
Page 92 and 93: their skills. Its most pernicious i
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Causes of occupational segregationT
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programme aims to address the great
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CLOSING GENDER PAY GAPSPersistent g
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Causes of gender pay gapsIn looking
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while the rest have multiple minimu
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access to services that reduce wome
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Figure 2.11Segmentation of informal
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Extending rights at work for paid d
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For example, the legal and regulato
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the problems faced by poor people l
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Women’s organizations, such as th
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Governments should:• Ensure that
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Despite being dispersed across seve
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In recent years, globalization and
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The Veshya Anyay Mukti Parishad (VA
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MAKING SOCIAL POLICYWORK FOR WOMEN1
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The team behind the Egyptian progra
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IN BRIEF/1Demographic, family and h
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INTRODUCTIONSocial policy is fundam
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social policy design and delivery c
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TOWARDS GENDER EQUALITYIN SOCIAL TR
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Figure 3.2Women’s personal income
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the potential to contribute to the
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No guarantee of empowermentHowever,
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BOX 3.3Transforming conditional cas
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Table 3.2Selected employment guaran
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BOX 3.4Ethiopia’s PSNP: Gender-re
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Figure 3.4Proportion of people abov
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Gender gaps in pension outcomes ref
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But even where individual capital a
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coverage. In these cases, women wil
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22 per cent of the poverty line. To
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on women and girls. Because they ar
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Figure 3.7Percentage of women who r
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was a watershed, bringing the count
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BOX 3.9Rwanda’s rapid decline in
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Figure 3.9Proportion of women who s
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Breaking down institutional barrier
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care for all are the best way to en
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uneven. Data on early childhood edu
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Balancing educational and childcare
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Table 3.3Care arrangements for olde
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RecommendationsCare services are an
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they rarely have the control over h
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formidable access barriers, particu
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the Geneva-based Water Supply and S
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MAKING PROGRESS/STORIES OF CHANGEA
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strain. In 1996, the country’s HI
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IN BRIEF/1Macroeconomic policies af
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INTRODUCTIONAdvances in substantive
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hierarchy. 10 Greece, for example,
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Figure 4.1Female to male secondary
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and the United Republic of Tanzania
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In order to adequately recognize an
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Overall, since the 1980s macroecono
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Figure 4.4Government general revenu
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formal employment that benefits fro
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approaches to macroeconomics, howev
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improving the way in which taxes ar
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policy and reinforce global depende
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incentives diverge. Credit allocati
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social services (see Chapter 3). Th
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youth, can prevent the accumulation
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Figure 4.7Open Budget Index, 2012Th
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Article 2.1 of the ICESCR states th
Page 228 and 229:
treaty between the Plurinational St
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agreements—but they go further by
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MAKING PROGRESS/STORIES OF CHANGECO
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“Everything I personally did, and
Page 237 and 238:
equality, emphasizing women’s pra
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3. Strengthen women’s income secu
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• Implementing gender-responsive
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• Developing standards for the co
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MONITORING WOMEN’SECONOMIC ANDSOC
Page 247 and 248:
from water sources, therefore affec
Page 249 and 250:
censuses, time use and violence aga
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percentage of gross domestic produc
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TYPE OF EMPLOYMENT dWOMEN’S EARNI
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FIELD OF STUDY OF TERTIARY STUDENTS
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TIME USE aSurveyyearAgegroupUnpaid
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YOUTHUNEMPLOYMENT RATE ¥OCCUPATION
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HEALTH SERVICESPublic health expend
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Page 297 and 298:
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Page 301 and 302:
RESERVATIONS TO CEDAWCEDAW status a
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RESERVATIONS TO CEDAWCEDAW status a
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ANNEX 7:UN WOMEN REGIONAL GROUPINGS
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Gammage, Sarah, Carla Kraft and Tom
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classification of low-income econom
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96. ILO 2000a, article 6, says that
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285. This estimation is based on a
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235. Aguirre and Ferrari 2014.236.
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Berg, J. 2009. “Brazil: The Minim
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Cook, S. and X.-Y. Dong. 2011. “H
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. 2015. “UNECE Statistical Databa
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Galindo, L.M. and J. Ros. 2008. “
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. 2014. “Progressive Policy Chang
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. 2007. “Marriage, Motherhood and
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McIntyre, D., M.K. Ranson, B.K. Aul
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Phelan, J.C., B.G. Link and J.F. Do
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Staritz, C. and J.G. Reis, eds. 201
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. 2012c. “Report of the Working G
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. 2014d. “Trachoma: Situation and
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