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IN BRIEF/1Macroeconomic policies affect the availability of paidemployment and of the resources needed to implement socialpolicies. They are therefore critical for creating an enablingenvironment within which substantive equality for womencan be advanced./2Macroeconomic policies are typically assumed to be ‘genderneutral’.In practice, they have distributive consequences thatimpact differently on women and men and influence genderdynamics more broadly./3Current macroeconomic policies do not adequately considerthe importance of unpaid care and domestic work and ofnon-market investments in human beings. They have alsoartificially constrained the resources available to governmentsto finance policies and programmes for gender equality./4Macroeconomic and social policies need to work in tandemto ensure economic sustainability. The economic contributionof social policy and unpaid care and domestic work need tobe recognized and incorporated into macroeconomic policyformulation.
5A rights-based approach provides an alternative frameworkfor assessing and prioritizing economic policy choices. This canenhance the realization of rights over time, the mobilization ofresources for gender equality, the reduction of discriminationand the democratization of economic governance./6Improved global policy coordination and internationaleconomic governance, drawing on the Maastricht Principles,is essential to create a macroeconomic environment that isconducive to the realization of women’s economic and socialrights.193
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PROGRESS OF THE WORLD’S WOMEN 201
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PROGRESS OF THE WORLD’S WOMEN 201
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FOREWORDBY PHUMZILEMLAMBO-NGCUKAUND
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UN Women headquarters staffWritten
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2TRANSFORMINGWORK FOR WOMEN’S RIG
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4TOWARDSAN ENABLING MACROECONOMIC E
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average earn just half as much inco
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‘ensuring that they do not mainta
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childcare, are just as important an
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ights principles are also an import
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“Most of these women did not choo
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SUBSTANTIVE EQUALITYFOR WOMEN:The c
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5The international human rights sys
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No empowerment without rightsA wide
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Figure 1.1Number of countries with
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adapt to changing social practices
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The number of countries with polici
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in the vast majority of countries.
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In other words, ‘discrimination i
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States must also guard against deli
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International human rights mechanis
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Figure 1.4A FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTAN
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BOX 1.4Gender and poverty: What do
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Figure 1.6Ratio of net secondary at
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Crisis and austerity are jeopardizi
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BOX 1.5Gender stereotypes and punis
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stood at close to 22 per cent—far
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Achievements have been significant.
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Drawing on the understanding of sub
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Yet Rana Plaza proved a turning poi
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TRANSFORMING WORKFOR WOMEN’S RIGH
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workers open to abuse and exploitat
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IN BRIEF/1Paid work can be a founda
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INTRODUCTIONAccess to decent employ
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Second, the range of opportunities
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Chapter overviewThe first part of t
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Figure 2.1Labour force participatio
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ALBGTMSLVFigure 2.3AN EYE ON THE GA
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Another striking trend is the decli
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In a study on Germany, France, Swed
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The unequal distribution of unpaid
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Figure 2.5Typical childcare arrange
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Today, parental leave is commonplac
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their skills. Its most pernicious i
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Causes of occupational segregationT
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programme aims to address the great
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CLOSING GENDER PAY GAPSPersistent g
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Causes of gender pay gapsIn looking
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while the rest have multiple minimu
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access to services that reduce wome
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Figure 2.11Segmentation of informal
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Extending rights at work for paid d
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For example, the legal and regulato
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the problems faced by poor people l
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Women’s organizations, such as th
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Governments should:• Ensure that
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Despite being dispersed across seve
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In recent years, globalization and
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The Veshya Anyay Mukti Parishad (VA
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MAKING SOCIAL POLICYWORK FOR WOMEN1
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The team behind the Egyptian progra
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IN BRIEF/1Demographic, family and h
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INTRODUCTIONSocial policy is fundam
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social policy design and delivery c
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TOWARDS GENDER EQUALITYIN SOCIAL TR
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Figure 3.2Women’s personal income
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the potential to contribute to the
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No guarantee of empowermentHowever,
Page 144 and 145: BOX 3.3Transforming conditional cas
Page 146 and 147: Table 3.2Selected employment guaran
Page 148 and 149: BOX 3.4Ethiopia’s PSNP: Gender-re
Page 150 and 151: Figure 3.4Proportion of people abov
Page 152 and 153: Gender gaps in pension outcomes ref
Page 154 and 155: But even where individual capital a
Page 156 and 157: coverage. In these cases, women wil
Page 158 and 159: 22 per cent of the poverty line. To
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Page 162 and 163: Figure 3.7Percentage of women who r
Page 164 and 165: was a watershed, bringing the count
Page 166 and 167: BOX 3.9Rwanda’s rapid decline in
Page 168 and 169: Figure 3.9Proportion of women who s
Page 170 and 171: Breaking down institutional barrier
Page 172 and 173: care for all are the best way to en
Page 174 and 175: uneven. Data on early childhood edu
Page 176 and 177: Balancing educational and childcare
Page 178 and 179: Table 3.3Care arrangements for olde
Page 180 and 181: RecommendationsCare services are an
Page 182 and 183: they rarely have the control over h
Page 184 and 185: formidable access barriers, particu
Page 186 and 187: the Geneva-based Water Supply and S
Page 189 and 190: MAKING PROGRESS/STORIES OF CHANGEA
Page 191: strain. In 1996, the country’s HI
Page 196 and 197: INTRODUCTIONAdvances in substantive
Page 198 and 199: hierarchy. 10 Greece, for example,
Page 200 and 201: Figure 4.1Female to male secondary
Page 202 and 203: and the United Republic of Tanzania
Page 204 and 205: In order to adequately recognize an
Page 206 and 207: Overall, since the 1980s macroecono
Page 208 and 209: Figure 4.4Government general revenu
Page 210 and 211: formal employment that benefits fro
Page 212 and 213: approaches to macroeconomics, howev
Page 214 and 215: improving the way in which taxes ar
Page 216 and 217: policy and reinforce global depende
Page 218 and 219: incentives diverge. Credit allocati
Page 220 and 221: social services (see Chapter 3). Th
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Page 224 and 225: Figure 4.7Open Budget Index, 2012Th
Page 226 and 227: Article 2.1 of the ICESCR states th
Page 228 and 229: treaty between the Plurinational St
Page 230 and 231: agreements—but they go further by
Page 233 and 234: MAKING PROGRESS/STORIES OF CHANGECO
Page 235 and 236: “Everything I personally did, and
Page 237 and 238: equality, emphasizing women’s pra
Page 239 and 240: 3. Strengthen women’s income secu
Page 241 and 242: • Implementing gender-responsive
Page 243 and 244: • Developing standards for the co
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MONITORING WOMEN’SECONOMIC ANDSOC
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from water sources, therefore affec
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censuses, time use and violence aga
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percentage of gross domestic produc
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TYPE OF EMPLOYMENT dWOMEN’S EARNI
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FIELD OF STUDY OF TERTIARY STUDENTS
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TIME USE aSurveyyearAgegroupUnpaid
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YOUTHUNEMPLOYMENT RATE ¥OCCUPATION
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HEALTH SERVICESPublic health expend
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RESERVATIONS TO CEDAWCEDAW status a
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RESERVATIONS TO CEDAWCEDAW status a
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ANNEX 7:UN WOMEN REGIONAL GROUPINGS
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Gammage, Sarah, Carla Kraft and Tom
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classification of low-income econom
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96. ILO 2000a, article 6, says that
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285. This estimation is based on a
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235. Aguirre and Ferrari 2014.236.
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REFERENCESAbalu, G. and R. Hassan.
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Berg, J. 2009. “Brazil: The Minim
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Cook, S. and X.-Y. Dong. 2011. “H
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. 2015. “UNECE Statistical Databa
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Galindo, L.M. and J. Ros. 2008. “
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. 2014. “Progressive Policy Chang
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. 2007. “Marriage, Motherhood and
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McIntyre, D., M.K. Ranson, B.K. Aul
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Phelan, J.C., B.G. Link and J.F. Do
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Staritz, C. and J.G. Reis, eds. 201
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. 2012c. “Report of the Working G
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. 2014d. “Trachoma: Situation and
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