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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSReport teamResearch director: Shahra RazaviReport manager: Laura TurquetReport coordinator: Mika MansukhaniChapter authors (alphabetical order): JamesHeintz, Shahra Razavi, Papa Seck, Silke Staab,Laura TurquetSubstantive editor: Sally BadenStatistics: Papa Seck, Ginette Azcona, NorbertoRodrigues, Amie GayeResearch assistance: Sophie Browne, Lauren BilliProgramme support: Talita MattosInterns: Chandler Hill, Jonathan Rodriguez,Malcolm ClaytonProduction and outreachProduction coordination: Mika Mansukhani, withCarlotta AielloEditor: Christina JohnsonCommunications: UN Women Communications andAdvocacy Section led by Nanette BraunMedia outreach: Oisika Chakrabarti and SharonGrobeisen, with Bartley Robb CommunicationsSocial Media: Beatrice FreyOutreach coordination: Natasha LamoreuxWebsite: UN Women Information Systems andTelecommunications SectionDesign and layout: blossoming.itPrinting: AGSExpert Advisory GroupMichael Cichon, Diane Elson, Jayati Ghosh, Mariado Carmo Godinho, Shireen Hassim, HibaaqOsman, Stephanie Seguino, Zenebework TadesseMarcos, Joann VanekUN Women Senior ManagementPhumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka, Under-Secretary-General and Executive DirectorLakshmi Puri, Assistant Secretary-General andDeputy Executive Director, IntergovernmentalSupport and Strategic PartnershipsYannick Glemarec, Assistant Secretary-General andDeputy Executive Director, Policy and ProgrammeMoez Doraid, Director, Coordination DivisionKristin Hetle, Director, Strategic PartnershipsDivisionKhetsiwe Dlamini, Chief of StaffBegoña Lasagabaster, OIC, Policy DivisionDaniel Seymour, OIC, Programme DivisionChristine Brautigam, Director, IntergovernmentalSupport DivisionJohn Hendra, Former Assistant Secretary-Generaland Deputy Executive Director for Policy andProgrammeSaraswathi Menon, Former Director, Policy DivisionGülden Türköz-Cosslett, Former Director,Programme DivisionAcknowledgementsWe thank everyone who has been involved in thisvolume of the Report, in particular the followingcontributions:
UN Women headquarters staffWritten comments and contributions from:Janette Amer, Rania Antonopolous, Samina Anwar,Tesmerelna Atsbeha, Christine Brautigam, LauraCapobianco, Somali Cerise, Nazneen Damji, DinaDeligiorgis, Sara Duerto Valero, Ingrid Fitzgerald,Sarah Gammage, Riet Groenen, Sylvia Hordosch,Zohra Khan, Begoña Lasagabaster, Sonia Palmieri,Alison Rowe, Nahla Valji.With additional support from:Maria Concepcion Del Rosario, Christine Harrop,Guro Iren Wiik, Nadezhda Kreshchuk, LornaMessina-Husain, Julien Pellaux, Vivek Rai, AryamaniRodríguez, Carmen Schuber, Yemarshet Sissay.UN Women staff in regional and national officesWritten comments and contributions from:Sameera Al-Tuwaijri, Melissa Alvarado, ChristineArab, Luiza Carvalho, Roberta Clark, Francisco Cos-Montiel, Sally Elmahdy, Ingibjörg Gísladóttir, PreeyaIeli, Welder Mtisi, Chrisine Musisi, MohammadNaciri, Josephine Odera, Hulda Ouma, AlisiQaiqaica, Jurgita Sereikaite, Victoria ElizabethVillagómez Morales.Additional reviewersThe following individuals reviewed chapters orelements of the report: Ginette Azcona, DebbieBudlender, Marzia Fontana, Duncan Green, NailaKabeer, Marjorie Mbilinyi, Maxine Molyneux.United Nations System and beyondWe also acknowledge and thank colleagues fromacross the United Nations system and beyond fortheir comments and contributions to this report:Noureddine Abderrahim (ICF International), NaydaAlmodóvar (World Bank), Christina Behrendt (ILO),Florence Bonnet (ILO), Oztomea Bule (NationalStatistical Office of Vanuatu), Sarah Cook (UNRISD),Ernesto Espíndola (ECLAC), Álvaro Fuentes (ECLAC),Caren Grown (World Bank), Gerald Haberkorn(SPC), Tazeen Hasan (World Bank), Sarah Iqbal(World Bank), Samil Johnson (National StatisticalOffice of Vanuatu), Oyuntsetseg Mashir (NationalStatistical Office of Mongolia), Maha Muna(UNFPA), Lucinda O’Hanlon (OHCHR), SamuelOtoo (World Bank), Mario Piacentini (OECD),Uma Rani (ILO), Nieves Rico (ECLAC), GuillermoRojas (ICF International), Lucía Scuro, (ECLAC),Magdalena Sepulveda (UNRISD), Roger Smithy(National Statistical Office of Vanuatu), TheoSparreboom (ILO), Alejandra Valdés (ECLAC), EpeliWaqavonovono (National Statistical Office of Fiji).Background paper authorsMerna Aboul-Ezz, Ayşenur Acar, Randy Albelda,Tomás Albuquerque, Pascale Allotey, Camila Arza,Martha Alter Chen, Isabella Bakker, Cem Başlevent,Merike Blofield, Elissa Braunstein, Merle Brown,Debbie Budlender, Daniela Casale, Rebecca Cichon,Virginie Comblon, Mary Daly, Xiao-yuan Dong,Diane Elson, Nancy Folbre, Sandra Fredman, SarahGammage, Beth Goldblatt, Janet Gornick, ShireenHassim, Mala Htun, Markus Jäntti, Margaret Jolly,Abbi Kedir, Amira Khalil, Miloon Kothari, Carla Kraft,Helen Lee, Katherine Lepani, Shi Li, Juliana MartínezFranzoni, Wadan Narsey, Anna Naupa, AndrewPetrovich, Lynda Pickbourn, Ania Plomien, DorritPosel, Monika Potoczna, Govindan Raveendran,Anne Sophie Robillard, Sally Roever, MichelleRooney, François Roubaud, Mona Said, Aili MariTripp, Sharuna Verghis, Laurel Weldon, Sui Yang.Other research inputs:Rosario Aguirre, Caitlin Boyce, Sarah Dix, EduardoFajnzylber, Sanjay Kumar, Katharina Greszczuk,Francie Lund, Marjorie Mbilinyi.Making Progress/Stories of ChangeAuthors: Annie Kelly, Flora Charner, Jenny Kleeman,Clar Nichonghaile, Alexandra Topping; with specialthanks to the interviewees: Kalpona Akter, CristinaBuarque, Mohamed Chafiki, Kay Kaugla, Ai-jenPoo, Rabéa Naciri, Violet Shivutse, Hania Sholkamy.Financial supportUN Women would like to thank the Department ofForeign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) of the AustralianGovernment and the William and Flora HewlettFoundation for their financial support for thepreparation of the Report. All of UN Women’ssupporters have played their part insofar asfunding for this volume of Progress was drawn inpart from the core budget to which they contribute.5
Page 1 and 2: PROGRESS OF THE WORLD’S WOMEN 201
Page 3 and 4: PROGRESS OF THE WORLD’S WOMEN 201
Page 5: FOREWORDBY PHUMZILEMLAMBO-NGCUKAUND
Page 9 and 10: 2TRANSFORMINGWORK FOR WOMEN’S RIG
Page 11 and 12: 4TOWARDSAN ENABLING MACROECONOMIC E
Page 13 and 14: average earn just half as much inco
Page 15 and 16: ‘ensuring that they do not mainta
Page 17 and 18: childcare, are just as important an
Page 19: ights principles are also an import
Page 22 and 23: “Most of these women did not choo
Page 25 and 26: SUBSTANTIVE EQUALITYFOR WOMEN:The c
Page 27 and 28: 5The international human rights sys
Page 29 and 30: No empowerment without rightsA wide
Page 31 and 32: Figure 1.1Number of countries with
Page 33 and 34: adapt to changing social practices
Page 35 and 36: The number of countries with polici
Page 37 and 38: in the vast majority of countries.
Page 39 and 40: In other words, ‘discrimination i
Page 41 and 42: States must also guard against deli
Page 43 and 44: International human rights mechanis
Page 45 and 46: Figure 1.4A FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTAN
Page 47 and 48: BOX 1.4Gender and poverty: What do
Page 49 and 50: Figure 1.6Ratio of net secondary at
Page 51 and 52: Crisis and austerity are jeopardizi
Page 53 and 54: BOX 1.5Gender stereotypes and punis
Page 55 and 56: stood at close to 22 per cent—far
Page 57 and 58:
Achievements have been significant.
Page 59:
Drawing on the understanding of sub
Page 62 and 63:
Yet Rana Plaza proved a turning poi
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TRANSFORMING WORKFOR WOMEN’S RIGH
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workers open to abuse and exploitat
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IN BRIEF/1Paid work can be a founda
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INTRODUCTIONAccess to decent employ
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Second, the range of opportunities
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Chapter overviewThe first part of t
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Figure 2.1Labour force participatio
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ALBGTMSLVFigure 2.3AN EYE ON THE GA
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Another striking trend is the decli
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In a study on Germany, France, Swed
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The unequal distribution of unpaid
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Figure 2.5Typical childcare arrange
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Today, parental leave is commonplac
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their skills. Its most pernicious i
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Causes of occupational segregationT
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programme aims to address the great
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CLOSING GENDER PAY GAPSPersistent g
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Causes of gender pay gapsIn looking
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while the rest have multiple minimu
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access to services that reduce wome
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Figure 2.11Segmentation of informal
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Extending rights at work for paid d
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For example, the legal and regulato
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the problems faced by poor people l
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Women’s organizations, such as th
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Governments should:• Ensure that
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Despite being dispersed across seve
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In recent years, globalization and
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The Veshya Anyay Mukti Parishad (VA
Page 125:
MAKING SOCIAL POLICYWORK FOR WOMEN1
Page 128 and 129:
The team behind the Egyptian progra
Page 130 and 131:
IN BRIEF/1Demographic, family and h
Page 132 and 133:
INTRODUCTIONSocial policy is fundam
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social policy design and delivery c
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TOWARDS GENDER EQUALITYIN SOCIAL TR
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Figure 3.2Women’s personal income
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the potential to contribute to the
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No guarantee of empowermentHowever,
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BOX 3.3Transforming conditional cas
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Table 3.2Selected employment guaran
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BOX 3.4Ethiopia’s PSNP: Gender-re
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Figure 3.4Proportion of people abov
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Gender gaps in pension outcomes ref
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But even where individual capital a
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coverage. In these cases, women wil
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22 per cent of the poverty line. To
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on women and girls. Because they ar
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Figure 3.7Percentage of women who r
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was a watershed, bringing the count
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BOX 3.9Rwanda’s rapid decline in
Page 168 and 169:
Figure 3.9Proportion of women who s
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Breaking down institutional barrier
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care for all are the best way to en
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uneven. Data on early childhood edu
Page 176 and 177:
Balancing educational and childcare
Page 178 and 179:
Table 3.3Care arrangements for olde
Page 180 and 181:
RecommendationsCare services are an
Page 182 and 183:
they rarely have the control over h
Page 184 and 185:
formidable access barriers, particu
Page 186 and 187:
the Geneva-based Water Supply and S
Page 189 and 190:
MAKING PROGRESS/STORIES OF CHANGEA
Page 191:
strain. In 1996, the country’s HI
Page 194 and 195:
IN BRIEF/1Macroeconomic policies af
Page 196 and 197:
INTRODUCTIONAdvances in substantive
Page 198 and 199:
hierarchy. 10 Greece, for example,
Page 200 and 201:
Figure 4.1Female to male secondary
Page 202 and 203:
and the United Republic of Tanzania
Page 204 and 205:
In order to adequately recognize an
Page 206 and 207:
Overall, since the 1980s macroecono
Page 208 and 209:
Figure 4.4Government general revenu
Page 210 and 211:
formal employment that benefits fro
Page 212 and 213:
approaches to macroeconomics, howev
Page 214 and 215:
improving the way in which taxes ar
Page 216 and 217:
policy and reinforce global depende
Page 218 and 219:
incentives diverge. Credit allocati
Page 220 and 221:
social services (see Chapter 3). Th
Page 222 and 223:
youth, can prevent the accumulation
Page 224 and 225:
Figure 4.7Open Budget Index, 2012Th
Page 226 and 227:
Article 2.1 of the ICESCR states th
Page 228 and 229:
treaty between the Plurinational St
Page 230 and 231:
agreements—but they go further by
Page 233 and 234:
MAKING PROGRESS/STORIES OF CHANGECO
Page 235 and 236:
“Everything I personally did, and
Page 237 and 238:
equality, emphasizing women’s pra
Page 239 and 240:
3. Strengthen women’s income secu
Page 241 and 242:
• Implementing gender-responsive
Page 243 and 244:
• Developing standards for the co
Page 245 and 246:
MONITORING WOMEN’SECONOMIC ANDSOC
Page 247 and 248:
from water sources, therefore affec
Page 249 and 250:
censuses, time use and violence aga
Page 251 and 252:
percentage of gross domestic produc
Page 253 and 254:
TYPE OF EMPLOYMENT dWOMEN’S EARNI
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
FIELD OF STUDY OF TERTIARY STUDENTS
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
TIME USE aSurveyyearAgegroupUnpaid
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
YOUTHUNEMPLOYMENT RATE ¥OCCUPATION
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
HEALTH SERVICESPublic health expend
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
RESERVATIONS TO CEDAWCEDAW status a
Page 303 and 304:
RESERVATIONS TO CEDAWCEDAW status a
Page 305 and 306:
ANNEX 7:UN WOMEN REGIONAL GROUPINGS
Page 307 and 308:
Gammage, Sarah, Carla Kraft and Tom
Page 309 and 310:
classification of low-income econom
Page 311 and 312:
96. ILO 2000a, article 6, says that
Page 313 and 314:
285. This estimation is based on a
Page 315 and 316:
235. Aguirre and Ferrari 2014.236.
Page 317 and 318:
REFERENCESAbalu, G. and R. Hassan.
Page 319 and 320:
Berg, J. 2009. “Brazil: The Minim
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Cook, S. and X.-Y. Dong. 2011. “H
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. 2015. “UNECE Statistical Databa
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Galindo, L.M. and J. Ros. 2008. “
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. 2014. “Progressive Policy Chang
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. 2007. “Marriage, Motherhood and
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McIntyre, D., M.K. Ranson, B.K. Aul
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Phelan, J.C., B.G. Link and J.F. Do
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Staritz, C. and J.G. Reis, eds. 201
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. 2012c. “Report of the Working G
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. 2014d. “Trachoma: Situation and
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