European Identity - Individual, Group and Society - HumanitarianNet

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176 EUROPEAN IDENTITY. INDIVIDUAL, GROUP AND SOCIETYpossession of European culture and that constantly leads to the reconsiderationof acquired ideas, values or principles; the assertion of adifference that will consist precisely in not rejecting one´s own difference;a nucleus of general values or a second level cultural nucleus, or astructure of meaning capable of incorporating the cultural configurationswhich appeal to dynamics contrary to standardization. It is not a messagemade of Europe but the very fact of transmitting this message.Most of the analyses I have previously referred to threaten toconsider the content and unity of European culture as the result of anabstract intellectual process, and not as a comprehensible reality withinsight or within the perception of the owners of that culture. If the ideaof Europe remains abstract, the adhesion and identification ofindividuals is impossible. I believe that Europe cannot exist if it does notsubjectively exist for individuals and that Jean Monnet´s conceptualization(“Our union is not made of States but of people” 6 ) shouldbe made much more operative. I would like to go back to thedefinition with which I began this presentation, which comparesEuropean identity to a constantly shifting kaleidoscope, a kaleidoscopethat can be built in many ways, with one single flat lens or withnumerous pieces of glass, which allow other types of images.Authors such as Camilleri have written that in order to found Europeanidentity it is necessary to reverse the ordinary way of reasoningabout what matters in culture. This will only occur and produce results ifa subjective mutation leading individuals to foster their basic feeling ofbelonging to the “Europe” group and to reorganise their currentaffiliations is produced in such a way that it becomes an active trendcapable of consolidating the group and finally creating the “us”perception.This idea has compelled us to wonder how the feeling of belongingto Europe can actually emerge, beyond political co-operation,bureaucracy and language learning. This question has forced us toenter the realms of Social Psychology and Sociology and to search fortheir theoretical frameworks, their methodologies, etc. ... concerningthe primary and secondary types of belonging to Europe, the factorsthat facilitate or hinder the process of joining the “supranation” andthe mechanisms thanks to which the representations of the potentialreality called Europe or European Union determine specific behavioursand attitudes.6Speech. Washington, April 30, 1952.
WHAT MAKES US EUROPEAN? IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION IN THE ... 177Consequently, in this project, the Europe object will be defined as“the field of representations and attitudes emanating from the populationand enclosed within a geographical space of blurred contours. Theserepresentations and attitudes are orientated towards the society theybelong to, neighbouring societies and more distant societies which areassigned common characteristics, specific characteristics and a variedand differentiated contribution in the historical, political and economicdynamic and in a perspective of solidarity in the referred space. Finally,the representations and attitudes towards the supranational regulatinginstitutions (specific organizations which create norms and regulations)theoretically resulting from the will of autonomous, independent peopleand from systematic efforts, i.e. efforts linked to the development ofeconomic and political relationships and to global circuits” 7 .What young people say about their “european nature”In the transition from institutional referent to personal referent andin order to establish the status of being European, feeling European,considering oneself European, understanding oneself as European andliving European, we deem it important to define some of the aspectswhich young people identify with being European.We have used two large reports as the starting point for ouranalysis: Tapia´s (1997) 8 and the White Paper on European Youth 9 ,which is based on a survey carried out from May 2000 to March 2001,the targets of which were young people from all backgrounds, youthorganizations, the scientific community as well as political leaders andtheir respective administrations.With respect to the identification with a “Europe based on values”,the analysis of the results has revealed that for young people aged 15to 25, Europe has many facets, amongst which are those of Tower of7Tapia, V. (1997a). “La mosaïque continentale européenne dans les représentationscollectives des jeunes” in Tapia, C. (Dir.) Dynamiques et transitions en Europe. Approchepluridisciplinaire. Berne: p. Lang. Euroclio, pp. 161-167.8Tapia, C. (1997 a ) op. Cit. y Tapia, C. (1997) Les jeunes face à lÉurope. Col.Psychologie Sociale. Presses Universitaires de France. Specially the following chapters: Lajeunesse française face à lÉurope. Représentations, valeurs, idéologies ( pp. 79-160) &Jeunesses Européenes face à lÉurope. Comparaisons internationales (pp. 161-228).9COM (2001) The White Paper of the European Commission. A New Impetus forEuropean Youth. Brussels, 21 November, 2001. COM (2001) 681- end. EuropeanCommunities Commission.
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Inés María Gómez-Chacón (ed.)Eu
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European Identity.Individual, Group
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ContentsIntroduction . . . . . . .
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CONTENTS 914. The Construction of E
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12 EUROPEAN IDENTITY. INDIVIDUAL, G
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Opening AddressCamino Cañón Loyes
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OPENING ADDRESS 29throughout histor
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OPENING ADDRESS 31—To gather expe
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OPENING ADDRESS 33European nature a
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1.What do we Mean When we Say Europ
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WHAT WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY EUROPE 39W
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WHAT WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY EUROPE 41O
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WHAT WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY EUROPE 43u
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WHAT WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY EUROPE 45e
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WHAT WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY EUROPE 47A
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3.Europe, from the Institutional Re
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EUROPE, FROM THE INSTITUTIONAL REFE
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4.The European Dimension of Educati
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THE EUROPEAN DIMENSION OF EDUCATION
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100 EUROPEAN IDENTITY. INDIVIDUAL,
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6.European Programmes from SpainEnc
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EUROPEAN PROGRAMMES FROM SPAIN 113(
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EUROPEAN PROGRAMMES FROM SPAIN 115S
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EUROPEAN PROGRAMMES FROM SPAIN 117s
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EUROPEAN PROGRAMMES FROM SPAIN 119A
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7.Is the European Model Being Rejec
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IS THE EUROPEAN MODEL BEING REJECTE
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THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE EUROPEAN ID
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ConclusionTHE CONSTRUCTION OF THE E
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16.Images of Europe: the Perspectiv
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IMAGES OF EUROPE: THE PERSPECTIVE O
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22.The Construction of European Ide
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THE CONSTRUCTION OF EUROPEAN IDENTI
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