European Identity - Individual, Group and Society - HumanitarianNet

264 EUROPEAN IDENTITY. INDIVIDUAL, GROUP AND SOCIETYschools and excluded the Muslim reformist movement, would generatepermanent antagonism 21 among governments and Islamists.The nationalist, panarabist, secular and socialist ideal, which since1945 had proclaimed the Palestinian question as their central cause 22 ,suffered its first setback with their defeat in the Six-day War. The logic ofthe war would justify the rulers’ authoritarianism and the construction ofimpressive military apparatuses. Likewise, it would allow the regimes toendure without having to transform the patrimonial and neo-colonialessence of their power. The War of Yom Kippur, the oil crisis of 1973,the events in Libya and the Iranian revolution worked together toexpedite the end to the panarabist model, which would reach its crisiswith the signing of the 1978 Bilateral Agreements between Egypt andIsrael in Camp David.The Islamic resurgence in the 70s and 80s was, to some extent,indicative that the initial reforms —the “Ataturkism”, the White Revolutionin Iran, the varieties of Arab socialism including both Nasserismand Baazism— were not able to achieve what they had proposed;thus, said resurgence came in response to these and other failedprojects.The fact that every attempt to emancipate the Muslim people thatdid not respond to the plans and interests of the European world, laterNorth American-European, were systematically foiled —Mossadeq’snationalist revolution, panarabism, Palestinian demands, etc.—,intensified the discord between the West and the Muslim world.The failure of the nationalist and socialist regimes that werepresided over by military officials who were discredited because of actsof corruption and suppression, fostered the expansion of Islamism,whose argument of delegitimization, one must remember, wasprecisely centred on the immorality of the rulers.Occidentophobia and Third World critiqueAt the failure of the European models imposed through practicesof exclusion and suppression, “Occidentophilia”, which is understoodas the imitation of Western ways and formulas without internalising orparticipating in their genesis or creation, would see its counter21Santucci, J.-C. & H. al-Malki (ed). (1990) Ètat et devloppment dans le MondeÁrabe. Crise et Mutations au Magreb. Paris, CNRS.22Benejelloun-Ollivier, N. (1984) La Palestine: un enjeu des stratégies, un destin.Paris, A. Colin.