European Identity - Individual, Group and Society - HumanitarianNet

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328 EUROPEAN IDENTITY. INDIVIDUAL, GROUP AND SOCIETYIn 1950, on May 9 th to be precise, Robert Schuman, FrenchMinister of Foreign Affairs, suggested that, in order to guarantee themaintenance of peace, France and Germany create an organization,open to other European countries, where their coal and steel resources—two basic products that had been used for military purposes—would be put together. Thus, in 1951, the European Coal and SteelCommunity (ECSC) was born. Six were its members: Belgium, France,Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the Federal Republic ofGermany; that is, France, Germany, Italy and the Benelux countries (theheart of Europe at the time).Such organization was under the control of a parliamentaryassembly which already anticipated the future European Parliamentand, in 1957, the six member States of the ECSC signed the Treaty ofRome, with economic integration as its cornerstone. The EuropeanEconomic Community (E.E.C.) and the European Atomic EnergyCommunity (EURATOM) were, thus, born. From that moment onwards,the European Parliament had competence in the three areas includedin the three Treaties, hence known as E.E.C. (European EconomicCommunity or Common Market).On 25 March, 1957, when the Treaty of Rome was being signed inthe old capital of the Roman Empire, only a few probably imaginedthat the idea of integration would keep on advancing to the stage inwhich we find ourselves today. The foundations for the assertion of theEuropean utopia were being laid, which, to our knowledge, shouldconsist of the defence of a system of ethical and humanistic values,based on human rights, democracy, solidarity and the dignity of allpeoples. This should be Europe´s letter of introduction to the world.The process developed and in 1973, after countless obstacles wereovercome, the United Kingdom, Denmark and Ireland joined in. TheE.E.C. now had nine member States. In 1981, the tenth State, Greece,joined in, and in 1986, the adhesion of Spain and Portugal took place,which rose the number of European countries to a dozen. Simultaneously,the European Single Act was signed, which implied the creation of thegreat internal market which would make the Community a moreintegrated economic space.In 1987, Turkey´s application was forwarded but fifteen years laterit is still on the waiting list. On 9 November, 1989, the fall of the Berlinwall occurred and the European Economic Community launched itsfirst aid programme in Central and Eastern European countries. On 3October, 1990, the reunification of Germany took place, whichconstituted a veritable landmark in the process of European constructionand highlighted the need to advance in social cohesion.
THE CONSTRUCTION OF EUROPEAN IDENTITY THE BUSINESS FRAMEWORK 329In 1992, the historical Treaty of Maastricht was signed, whichmodified and completed the Treaty of Rome with the creation of theEconomic and Monetary Union and the Common Foreign SecurityPolicy (CFSP), all of which shaped the contemporary European Union.In 1995, Austria, Finland and Sweden joined in, and the EuropeanUnion reached the current figure of fifteen member States.More dates and events could be mentioned in this slow anddifficult process.Let me tell you a short story I experienced a few years ago. I wastalking to someone who had strong connections with numerousEuropean organizations and institutions. I asked him for his opinion ina moment of certain European pessimism and he answered: “Note thatin the process that we have gone through, there are moments in whichit might seem as things are stagnant, but in fact, we have never goneback”.The future of the European UnionThe Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) that took place in Nice inDecember 2000 embarked European integration upon a new stage inits history.In Nice, member States adopted, in extremis, the technical reformsneeded to make the enlargement of the EU possible for applicantcountries. However, the fifteen members did not debate either the senseor the scope of European integration in the current historical context.Due to the paramount importance of the issues and the need tobring Europe closer to its citizens, the heads of state and governmentdecided to involve public opinion as a whole in this process:governments of member States and applicant countries, representativesof the parliaments of member States, community institutions, political,economic and university circles, as well as the representatives of civilsociety.The European Council of Laeken (Belgium), held on 14-15 December,2002, determined the strands of this debate. In a specificDeclaration about the future of the EU, the foundations for the analysisof what the EU should be in the coming years were laid. Thedeclaration of Laeken suggests the areas prone to be reformed andannounces the Convention for the Future of Europe in order to preparethe Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) for the reform of the Treaties.The Convention celebrated its opening session in Brussels on 28February, 2002, and will conclude its work one year later, sufficiently
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Inés María Gómez-Chacón (ed.)Eu
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European Identity.Individual, Group
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ContentsIntroduction . . . . . . .
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CONTENTS 914. The Construction of E
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12 EUROPEAN IDENTITY. INDIVIDUAL, G
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Opening AddressCamino Cañón Loyes
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OPENING ADDRESS 29throughout histor
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OPENING ADDRESS 31—To gather expe
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OPENING ADDRESS 33European nature a
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1.What do we Mean When we Say Europ
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WHAT WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY EUROPE 39W
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WHAT WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY EUROPE 41O
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WHAT WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY EUROPE 43u
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WHAT WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY EUROPE 45e
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WHAT WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY EUROPE 47A
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3.Europe, from the Institutional Re
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EUROPE, FROM THE INSTITUTIONAL REFE
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4.The European Dimension of Educati
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THE EUROPEAN DIMENSION OF EDUCATION
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6.European Programmes from SpainEnc
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EUROPEAN PROGRAMMES FROM SPAIN 113(
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EUROPEAN PROGRAMMES FROM SPAIN 115S
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EUROPEAN PROGRAMMES FROM SPAIN 117s
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EUROPEAN PROGRAMMES FROM SPAIN 119A
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7.Is the European Model Being Rejec
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IS THE EUROPEAN MODEL BEING REJECTE
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IS THE EUROPEAN MODEL BEING REJECTE
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8.Boderline Europeans:Nationalisms
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BODERLINE EUROPEANS: NATIONALISMS A
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9.Difference as Destabilizing Facto
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DIFFERENCE AS DESTABILISING FACTOR
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11.What Makes us European? Identity
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WHAT MAKES US EUROPEAN? IDENTITY CO
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12.The Meaning of European Identity
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THE MEANING OF EUROPEAN IDENTITY: P
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14.The Construction of the European
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THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE EUROPEAN ID
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ConclusionTHE CONSTRUCTION OF THE E
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16.Images of Europe: the Perspectiv
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IMAGES OF EUROPE: THE PERSPECTIVE O
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