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252 EUROPEAN IDENTITY. INDIVIDUAL, GROUP AND SOCIETYpeople, and their needs and expectations. These constructions cansurvive, claims Niiniluoto (1996) , if they manage to satisfy the concreteneeds of people. This also applies to Europe as a social construction.Current criticism to the EU is directed towards it not being sufficiently a“people´s society” but rather a “byrocrat´s monster” (Helsingin Sanomat2.11.2002 referring to Vaclav Havel´s request in the European Parlamentin 1994 for a “Charter of European Identity”).Multicultural Identity: Challenges for Europe and interculturaleducationThe challenges we face in Europe today are manifold. Here someexamples:—How to face multiculturality and plurality in practice, particularlynow with the Eastern expansion of the EU: differences in values,and differences in the way and quality of life in North and South,East and West? The saying about our world where “the otherhalf dies of fear and the other half dies of hunger” applies alsoto Europe.—How do we incorporate in our reality various non-Europeanpeople and influences which are more and more present in ourlives such as various belief systems? Niiniluoto (1996), forinstance, talks about “Euroislam” and asks whether we wouldaccept it as one possible “domestic religion”.—How do we as hosts receive others in our country? Acculturationis a collaborative, joint process.—How do we successfully adapt when we are ourselves in the roleof guests in another culture?—How do we educate the mainstream to “inclusive citizenship”?—Should we not, instead of building exclusively “European identity”,aim at constructing “intercultural identity” which is not exclusive,and a part of which is European identity?Construction of “intercultural identity” is a developmental continuumalong which people travel.The role of educators in facilitating intercultural learning process isimportant. The path to a truly multicultural society requires, ineducation, a wholistic intercultural approach which goes beyond themere exposure to differences (eg. multicultural classrooms per se) tothe whole educational system and learning environment. In thatapproach teachers are also part of the learning community.
IDENTITY/IDENTITIES IN A PLURAL WORLD 253BibliographyHALL, S. (2002) Identiteetti. Tampere: Vastapaino.KUADA, J. & GULLESTRUP, H. (1997) ”Cultural categories and profiles. A frameworkfor studying multicultural identity of the individuals and their behaviour inorganizations”. Paper presented at the IV Annual Symposiums on InterculturalCommunication. University of Tartu, Estonia.LIEBKIND, K. (ed.). (1994) Maahanmuuttajat. Kulttuurien kohtaaminenSuomessa. Helsinki: Gaudeamus.MATINHEIKKI-KOKKO, K. 2002. ”Kulttuuri-identtiteetti oppimisprosessina”. In:Laihiala-Kankainen, S., Pietikäinen, S. & Dufva, H. (eds.) MoniääninenSuomi. Kieli, kulttuuri ja identiteetti, Jyväskylä: Soveltavan kielentutkimuksenkeskus, pp. 219-234.NIINILUOTO, I. (1996) ”Mitä on olla eurooppalainen?” In: Niiniluoto, I. & Löppönen,P. (eds.) Euroopan henkinen tila ja tulevaisuus. Porvoo: Areena/WSOY,pp. 19-67.STADIUS, P. (2002) ”The North as a Utopian Arcadia and Dystopian Barbaria inSpain Around the Year 1900. In: Beltrán, L., Maestro, J. & Salo-Lee, L.European Peripheries in Interaction. The Nordic Countries and the IberianPeninsula. Alcalá de Henares: Universidad de Alcalá, pp. 205-211.VASKO V.; KJISIK; H. & SALO-LEE, L. (1998) Culture in Finnish DevelopmentCooperation. Helsinki: The Ministry for Foreign Affairs/Department forInternational Development Cooperation & SAFA.
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Inés María Gómez-Chacón (ed.)Eu
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European Identity.Individual, Group
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ContentsIntroduction . . . . . . .
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CONTENTS 914. The Construction of E
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12 EUROPEAN IDENTITY. INDIVIDUAL, G
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Opening AddressCamino Cañón Loyes
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OPENING ADDRESS 29throughout histor
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OPENING ADDRESS 31—To gather expe
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OPENING ADDRESS 33European nature a
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1.What do we Mean When we Say Europ
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WHAT WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY EUROPE 39W
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WHAT WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY EUROPE 41O
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WHAT WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY EUROPE 43u
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WHAT WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY EUROPE 45e
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WHAT WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY EUROPE 47A
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3.Europe, from the Institutional Re
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EUROPE, FROM THE INSTITUTIONAL REFE
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4.The European Dimension of Educati
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THE EUROPEAN DIMENSION OF EDUCATION
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100 EUROPEAN IDENTITY. INDIVIDUAL,
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6.European Programmes from SpainEnc
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EUROPEAN PROGRAMMES FROM SPAIN 113(
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EUROPEAN PROGRAMMES FROM SPAIN 115S
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EUROPEAN PROGRAMMES FROM SPAIN 117s
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EUROPEAN PROGRAMMES FROM SPAIN 119A
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7.Is the European Model Being Rejec
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IS THE EUROPEAN MODEL BEING REJECTE
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IS THE EUROPEAN MODEL BEING REJECTE
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8.Boderline Europeans:Nationalisms
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BODERLINE EUROPEANS: NATIONALISMS A
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9.Difference as Destabilizing Facto
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DIFFERENCE AS DESTABILISING FACTOR
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11.What Makes us European? Identity
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WHAT MAKES US EUROPEAN? IDENTITY CO
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12.The Meaning of European Identity
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THE MEANING OF EUROPEAN IDENTITY: P
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22.The Construction of European Ide
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THE CONSTRUCTION OF EUROPEAN IDENTI
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