Trade Adjustment Costs in Developing Countries: - World Bank ...

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Trade Reform, Employment Allocation and Worker Flows 127Table 7.8: Worker–fixed effect logit estimation of separations(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)Balassa Comp. Adv. .080 .169 .204 –.094(.021)*** (.024)*** (.023)*** (.049)*Exporter Status .289 .283 .301 .284(.028)*** (.028)*** (.028)*** (.028)***Product Market Tariff –.104 –.705 –1.383 –2.361(.416) (.426)* (.410)*** (.476)***Intm. Input Tariff 1.601 2.880 –1.420 5.149(.633)** (.678)*** (.553)** (.748)***Import Penetration 1.257 6.035 3.227(.388)*** (.349)*** (.638)***Sector–level covariatesSector real exch. rate .733 .843 .353 –.398 .213 –1.224(.624) (.626) (.640) (.645) (.069)*** (.699)*FDI Flow (USD billion) –.025 –.012 –.018 –.048 .047 –.039(.020) (.020) (.020) (.020)** (.019)** (.020)**Herfindahl Index (sales) –.371 –.517 –.399 –.354 .929 .881(.317) (.316) (.329) (.343) (.320)*** (.639)Plant–level covariatesLog Employment –.343 –.370 –.341 –.377 –.410 –.383(.011)*** (.011)*** (.011)*** (.011)*** (.011)*** (.011)***Share: Middle School or less –.750 –.658 –.719 –.663 –.793 –.692(.131)*** (.131)*** (.131)*** (.132)*** (.129)*** (.132)***Share: Some High School –.444 –.392 –.440 –.393 –.214 –.413(.148)*** (.148)*** (.147)*** (.148)*** (.145) (.148)***Share: White–collar occ. .721 .700 .739 .691 .552 .683(.075)*** (.074)*** (.074)*** (.075)*** (.073)*** (.075)***Worker–level covariatesTenure at plant (in years) 1.367 1.350 1.362 1.351 1.390 1.351(.036)*** (.036)*** (.036)*** (.036)*** (.037)*** (.036)***Pot. labor force experience .006 .006 .006 .006 .031 .006(.002)** (.002)** (.002)** (.002)** (.002)*** (.002)**Unskilled Wh. Collar Occ. –.256 –.251 –.259 –.262 –.199 –.267(.067)*** (.067)*** (.067)*** (.067)*** (.065)*** (.067)***Year effects yes yes yes yes yesSector effectsyesObs. 145,408 145,408 145,408 145,408 145,408 145,408Pseudo R 2 .148 .149 .148 .150 .137 .151Source: Menezes-Filho and Muendler (2007). RAIS 1990–98 (1 percent random sample), male workersnationwide, 25 to 64 years old, with manufacturing job.Note: Separations exclude transfers, deaths, and retirements. Reference observations are employmentswith no reported separation in a given year. Sector information at subsector IBGE level. Professionalor managerial occupations and skilled blue collar occupations (not reported) not statisticallysignificant at five-percent level. Robust standard errors in parentheses: *significance at ten, **five,***one percent.
128Marc-Andreas MuendlerTable 7.9: Worker–fixed effect logit estimation of accessions(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)Balassa Comp. Adv. .041 –.016 –.114 –.067(.017)** (.020) (.019)*** (.048)Exporter Status –.449 –.439 –.429 –.438(.027)*** (.027)*** (.026)*** (.027)***Product Market Tariff 1.306 1.246 2.474 1.822(.379)*** (.393)*** (.379)*** (.498)***Intm. Input Tariff –3.258 –3.073 –3.846 –2.954(.540)*** (.598)*** (.514)*** (.750)***Import Penetration .198 –3.919 1.764(.355) (.307)*** (.665)***Sector–level covariatesSector real exch. rate –1.264 –.955 –.953 –.810 .038 –.844(.605)** (.606) (.626) (.639) (.076) (.718)FDI Flow (USD billion) .039 .047 .056 .058 .031 .058(.022)* (.021)** (.021)*** (.022)*** (.021) (.022)***Herfindahl Index (sales) –.348 –.344 –.795 –.788 –2.335 –.838(.268) (.268) (.282)*** (.297)*** (.277)*** (.655)Plant–level covariatesLog Employment –.190 –.140 –.189 –.141 –.112 –.138(.008)*** (.009)*** (.008)*** (.009)*** (.008)*** (.009)***Share: Middle School or less .947 .857 .940 .850 .828 .849(.107)*** (.105)*** (.107)*** (.105)*** (.104)*** (.105)***Share: Some High School .740 .667 .739 .668 .468 .668(.124)*** (.122)*** (.124)*** (.122)*** (.120)*** (.122)***Share: White–collar occ. –.675 –.614 –.679 –.621 –.534 –.625(.067)*** (.067)*** (.067)*** (.067)*** (.064)*** (.067)***Worker–level covariatesProf. or Manag’l. Occ. –.801 –.807 –.801 –.807 –.827 –.810(.068)*** (.068)*** (.068)*** (.068)*** (.066)*** (.068)***Tech’l. or Superv. Occ. –.603 –.610 –.597 –.604 –.623 –.601(.064)*** (.064)*** (.064)*** (.064)*** (.062)*** (.064)***Unskilled Wh. Collar Occ. –.490 –.497 –.488 –.495 –.519 –.497(.061)*** (.062)*** (.062)*** (.062)*** (.060)*** (.062)***Skilled Bl. Collar Occ. –.417 –.413 –.413 –.410 –.443 –.410(.032)*** (.032)*** (.032)*** (.032)*** (.031)*** (.032)***Year effects yes yes yes yes yesSector effectsyesObs. 112,974 112,974 112,974 112,974 112,974 112,974Pseudo R 2 .036 .040 .037 .041 .026 .042Source: Menezes-Filho and Muendler (2007). RAIS 1990–98 (1 percent random sample), male workersnationwide, 25 to 64 years old, with manufacturing job.Note: Accessions exclude transfers. Reference observations are employments with no reportedaccession. Sector information at subsector IBGE level. Robust standard errors in parentheses:*significance at ten, **five, ***one percent.
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THE WORLD BANKTrade Adjustment Cost
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Trade Adjustment Costs in Developin
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Trade Adjustment Costsin Developing
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viiiContents10. Trade Adjustment an
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List of Tables2.1 Simulated Adjustm
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List of Figures2.1 Worker Flows 262
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PrefaceThe process of globalization
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2Bernard Hoekman and Guido Portopri
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4Bernard Hoekman and Guido Portoequ
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6Bernard Hoekman and Guido Portowou
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8Bernard Hoekman and Guido Portoass
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10Bernard Hoekman and Guido Portoco
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12Bernard Hoekman and Guido PortoJa
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14Bernard Hoekman and Guido Portoma
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16Bernard Hoekman and Guido Portoju
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18Bernard Hoekman and Guido Portoat
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20Bernard Hoekman and Guido PortoRE
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PART AADJUSTMENT COSTS
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26Carl Davidson and Steven Matusz2.
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28Carl Davidson and Steven Matuszne
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30Carl Davidson and Steven Matuszwh
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32Carl Davidson and Steven MatuszTa
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34Carl Davidson and Steven MatuszSo
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36Carl Davidson and Steven MatuszHi
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38Erhan Artuç and John McLarenof i
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40Erhan Artuç and John McLarenshoc
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42Erhan Artuç and John McLaren1.3
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44Erhan Artuç and John McLarenassu
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46Erhan Artuç and John McLarenin A
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48Erhan Artuç and John McLarenavai
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50Erhan Artuç and John McLarencomp
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52Erhan Artuç and John McLarenFigu
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4Reallocation and Adjustment in the
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Reallocation and Adjustment in the
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5Trade Reforms in Natural-Resource-
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Trade Reforms in Natural-Resource-A
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Trade Reforms in Natural-Resource-A
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Page 107 and 108: 90Olivier Cadot, Laure Dutoit and M
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Page 120 and 121: 7Trade Reform, Employment Allocatio
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Page 161 and 162: 144Gordon H HansonOn the theory sid
Page 163 and 164: 146Gordon H Hansonberg et al. (2008
Page 165 and 166: 148Gordon H HansonThe expansion of
Page 167 and 168: 150Gordon H Hansonshares and factor
Page 169 and 170: 152Gordon H HansonGoldberg, Pinelop
Page 172 and 173: 9Production Offshoring andLabor Mar
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Page 189 and 190: 172Pravin Krishna and Mine Zeynep S
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11Trade, Child Labor, and Schooling
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Trade, Child Labor, and Schooling i
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198Gordon H Hanson3.0%2.8%2.6%2.4%2
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200Gordon H HansonTable 12.2: Share
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202Gordon H HansonWho benefits from
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204Gordon H HansonAn older and larg
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206Gordon H HansonTo date, the lite
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208Gordon H Hansontion surplus was
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210Gordon H HansonSome evidence sug
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212Gordon H HansonBIBLIOGRAPHYAcost
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214Gordon H HansonMishra, Prachi 20
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216James Harrigan• China had been
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218James Harrigan2.2 Price and quan
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220James HarriganFigure 13.1a: Pric
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222James Harrigan4. CONCLUSIONThe e
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224Beata S Javorcikices, thus benef
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226Beata S Javorcikfor plants which
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228Beata S JavorcikAs the majority
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230Beata S Javorcik5. DOES FDI LEAD
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232Beata S Javorcikthough they do n
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234Beata S Javorcik7. FUTURE RESEAR
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236Beata S JavorcikMarkusen, James
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238Chad P Bownthese theories has on
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240Chad P Bownicy changes affect th
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242Chad P Bownis, the policy-imposi
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244Chad P Bownsignificant distortio
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246Chad P Bownaccession period led
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248Chad P Bown2002-03. 16 However,
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250Chad P Bowntive adjustment impac
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PART CFACTORS THATAFFECT TRADE
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256David Hummelsative advantage for
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258David Hummelsprices shift demand
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260David HummelsThe second form of
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262David Hummelsdogenous to how pro
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17The Duration of Trade Relationshi
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The Duration of Trade Relationships
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18Openness and Export Dynamics:New
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Openness and Export Dynamics: New r
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19Market Penetration Costs andInter
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Market Penetration Cost and Interna
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20Taking Advantage of Trade:The rol
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Taking Advantage of Trade: The role
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21Credit Constraints and the Adjust
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Credit Constraints and the Adjustme
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332Miet Maertens and Jo Swinnenmeas
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334Miet Maertens and Jo Swinnenverg
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336Miet Maertens and Jo Swinnenacti
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338Miet Maertens and Jo Swinnenfirm
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340Miet Maertens and Jo SwinnenBIBL
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342Miet Maertens and Jo SwinnenRear
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23Notes on American Adjustment Poli
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Notes on American Adjustment Polici
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362Johan F M Swinnen and Kristine V
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This book summarizes the state of k
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