Trade Adjustment Costs in Developing Countries: - World Bank ...

198Gordon H Hanson3.0%2.8%2.6%2.4%2.2%2.0%1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005Figure 12.1: Percentage of World Population Comprised of International MigrantsSource: United Nations (2006)to place more emphasis on an individual’s refugee or asylum-seeking status inmaking immigrant admission decisions (Hatton and Williamson, 2004).Inflows of illegal immigrants account for a substantial share of total immigration.In the United States, Passel and Cohn (2009) estimate that in 2008 therewere 12 million illegal immigrants, which accounted for 35 per cent of the US foreign-bornpopulation, up from 28 per cent in 2000, and 19 per cent in 1996. InEurope, Jandl (2003) estimates that in 2003 there were 4 million illegal immigrantsin the EU-15 countries, with the largest stocks in Germany, the UnitedKingdom, Italy, and France. Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain have engaged inrepeated recent legalizations of illegal immigrants, meaning that the current stockof illegal immigrants in these countries understates the number of immigrantswho first entered the country illegally.Table 12.2, based on data from Beine, Docquier and Marfouk (2008), shows theshare of the immigrant population in OECD countries by sending-country region.In 2000, 67 per cent of immigrants in the OECD were from a developing country,up from 54 per cent in 1990. Among developing-country sending regions, Mexico,Central America, and the Caribbean are the most important accounting for 20per cent of OECD immigrants in 2000, up from 15 per cent in 1990. Half of thisregion’s migrants come from Mexico, which in 2000 was the source of 11 per centof OECD immigrants, making it the world’s largest supplier of international migrants.The next most important developing source countries for OECD immigrantsare Turkey (3.5 per cent of OECD immigrants); China, India, and the Philippines(each with 3 per cent); Vietnam, Korea, Poland, Morocco, and Cuba (each with 2per cent); and Ukraine, Serbia, Jamaica, and El Salvador (each with 1 per cent).