Trade Adjustment Costs in Developing Countries: - World Bank ...

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Adjustment to Internal Migration 211an exception). The results are also consistent with observed changes in nativelabor supply. Studies using local level data, whose results suggest immigration haslittle wage impact, are subject to concerns about the endogeneity of immigrantsettlement patterns that have yet to be resolved fully. The literature has focusedon the wage effects of immigration, while largely ignoring impacts on non-laborincome. In theory, one would expect the gains in non-labor income (plus thegains to workers that complement foreign labor) to more than offset the losses toworkers who compete with immigrant labor.The net fiscal consequences of international migration are also poorly understood.In sending countries, there are only a handful of studies on emigration’sfiscal impacts and these focus on the movement of high-skilled workers to highincomedestinations. In receiving countries, the impact of immigration on thetax burden of natives is a central issue in political opposition to labor inflows.While there are many studies on how immigration affects government expenditure,there are few on how it affects government revenue, making it difficult toevaluate the net fiscal impact of labor inflows.Another unknown is the effect of emigration on the incentive to acquire skillin sending countries. In the cross-section evidence, countries that have higheremigrant stocks abroad also have faster growth in the number of educated adults,but this association may not be informative about the consequences of braindrain. We still do not know how changes in the opportunity to emigrate affecthuman capital accumulation. Many individuals migrate abroad to complete theireducation, with many ultimately returning to their home countries. Circular migrationis important for the accumulation of skill in developing countries, thoughmigrants from the poorest countries are those most tempted to emigrate permanently.Even where migration is permanent, having emigrants abroad may helpa country lower its barriers to trade, investment, and technology flows.Gordon Hanson is the director of the Center on Pacific Economies and is a professorof economics at UC San Diego.
212Gordon H HansonBIBLIOGRAPHYAcosta, Pablo, Fajnzylber, Pablo and Humberto Lopez 2007. How Important are Remittancesin America? In Pablo Fajnzylber and Humberto Lopez, (Eds.), Close to Home,Washington, DC: The World Bank, pp. 21-50.Addison, Thomas, and Christopher Worswick 2002. The Impact of Immigration on theEarnings of Natives: Evidence from Australian Micro Data. The Economic Record, 78(1):68–78Auerbach, Alan J, and Philip Oreopoulos 1999. Analyzing the Fiscal Impact of US Immigration.American Economic Review. Papers and Proceedings, 89(2), 176–80Aydemir, Abdurrahman and George J Borjas 2007. A Comparative Analysis of the LaborMarket Impact of International Migration: Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Journalof the European Economic Association, forthcomingBeine, Micahael, Docquier, Frédéric and Hillel Rapoport 2006. Brain Drain and HumanCapital Formation in Developing Countries: Winners and Losers. IRES Working Paper no.2006–23Beine, Michel, Docquier, Frédéric and Hillel Rapoport 2007. Measuring International SkilledMigration: New Estimates Accounting for Age of Entry. World Bank Economic Review,21(June 2): 249–54Betts, Julian 1999. Have Inflows of Immigrants Diminished Natives’ Educational Attainment?Public Policy Institute of CaliforniaBetts, Julian, and Robert Farlie 2003. Does Immigration Induce Native Flight’ from Publicinto Private Schools. Journal of Public Economics. 87(5–6): 987–1102Betts, Julian, and Magnus Lofstrom 2000. The Educational Attainment of Immigrants:Trends and Implications. In George J. Borjas, (Ed.), Issues in the Economics of Immigration,Chicago: University of Chicago and NBERBorjas, George J 1999a. The Economic Analysis of Immigration. In Orley C Ashenfelter andDavid Card, (Eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics, Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1697–1760.Borjas, George J 1999b. Heaven’s Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy.Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University PressBorjas, George J 2003. The Labor Demand Curve Is Downward Sloping: Reexamining theimpact of immigration on the labor market. Quarterly Journal of Economics 118 (November):1335–1374Borjas, George J 2003. Welfare Reform, Labor Supply, and Health Insurance in the ImmigrantPopulation. NBER Working Paper no. 9781Borjas, George J 2004. Do Foreign Students Crowd out Native Students from GraduatePrograms? NBER Working Paper no. 10349Borjas, George J 2006 Native Internal Migration and the Labor Market Impact of Immigration.Journal of Human Resources 41 (Spring): 221–58Borjas, George J, Freeman, Richard B and Lawrence F Katz 1997. How Much Do Immigrationand Trade Affect Labor Market Outcomes? Brookings Papers on Economic Activity1: 1–90Borjas, George J, Grogger, Jeffrey and Gordon H Hanson 2008. Imperfect Substitution betweenImmigrants and Natives: A Reappraisal. NBER Working Paper no. 13887Borjas, George J., and Lynette Hilton. 1996. Immigration and the Welfare State: ImmigrantParticipation in Means-tested Entitlement Programs. Quarterly Journal of Economics,111(2): 575–604Capps, Randall, Fix, Michael Henderson, Everett and Jane Reardon-Anderson 2005. A Profileof Low-income Working Immigrant Families. Urban Institute Working Paper B–67
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THE WORLD BANKTrade Adjustment Cost
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Trade Adjustment Costs in Developin
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Trade Adjustment Costsin Developing
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viiiContents10. Trade Adjustment an
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List of Tables2.1 Simulated Adjustm
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List of Figures2.1 Worker Flows 262
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PrefaceThe process of globalization
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2Bernard Hoekman and Guido Portopri
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4Bernard Hoekman and Guido Portoequ
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6Bernard Hoekman and Guido Portowou
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8Bernard Hoekman and Guido Portoass
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10Bernard Hoekman and Guido Portoco
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12Bernard Hoekman and Guido PortoJa
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14Bernard Hoekman and Guido Portoma
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18Bernard Hoekman and Guido Portoat
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20Bernard Hoekman and Guido PortoRE
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PART AADJUSTMENT COSTS
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26Carl Davidson and Steven Matusz2.
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28Carl Davidson and Steven Matuszne
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30Carl Davidson and Steven Matuszwh
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32Carl Davidson and Steven MatuszTa
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34Carl Davidson and Steven MatuszSo
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36Carl Davidson and Steven MatuszHi
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38Erhan Artuç and John McLarenof i
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40Erhan Artuç and John McLarenshoc
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42Erhan Artuç and John McLaren1.3
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44Erhan Artuç and John McLarenassu
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46Erhan Artuç and John McLarenin A
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48Erhan Artuç and John McLarenavai
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50Erhan Artuç and John McLarencomp
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52Erhan Artuç and John McLarenFigu
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4Reallocation and Adjustment in the
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Reallocation and Adjustment in the
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5Trade Reforms in Natural-Resource-
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Trade Reforms in Natural-Resource-A
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90Olivier Cadot, Laure Dutoit and M
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100Olivier Cadot, Laure Dutoit and
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7Trade Reform, Employment Allocatio
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Trade Reform, Employment Allocation
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144Gordon H HansonOn the theory sid
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146Gordon H Hansonberg et al. (2008
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148Gordon H HansonThe expansion of
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150Gordon H Hansonshares and factor
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152Gordon H HansonGoldberg, Pinelop
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9Production Offshoring andLabor Mar
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Production Offshoring and Labor Mar
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Production Offshoring and Labor Mar
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Page 189 and 190: 172Pravin Krishna and Mine Zeynep S
Page 196 and 197: 11Trade, Child Labor, and Schooling
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Page 215 and 216: 198Gordon H Hanson3.0%2.8%2.6%2.4%2
Page 217 and 218: 200Gordon H HansonTable 12.2: Share
Page 219 and 220: 202Gordon H HansonWho benefits from
Page 221 and 222: 204Gordon H HansonAn older and larg
Page 223 and 224: 206Gordon H HansonTo date, the lite
Page 225 and 226: 208Gordon H Hansontion surplus was
Page 227: 210Gordon H HansonSome evidence sug
Page 231 and 232: 214Gordon H HansonMishra, Prachi 20
Page 233 and 234: 216James Harrigan• China had been
Page 235 and 236: 218James Harrigan2.2 Price and quan
Page 237 and 238: 220James HarriganFigure 13.1a: Pric
Page 239 and 240: 222James Harrigan4. CONCLUSIONThe e
Page 241 and 242: 224Beata S Javorcikices, thus benef
Page 243 and 244: 226Beata S Javorcikfor plants which
Page 245 and 246: 228Beata S JavorcikAs the majority
Page 247 and 248: 230Beata S Javorcik5. DOES FDI LEAD
Page 249 and 250: 232Beata S Javorcikthough they do n
Page 251 and 252: 234Beata S Javorcik7. FUTURE RESEAR
Page 253 and 254: 236Beata S JavorcikMarkusen, James
Page 255 and 256: 238Chad P Bownthese theories has on
Page 257 and 258: 240Chad P Bownicy changes affect th
Page 259 and 260: 242Chad P Bownis, the policy-imposi
Page 261 and 262: 244Chad P Bownsignificant distortio
Page 263 and 264: 246Chad P Bownaccession period led
Page 265 and 266: 248Chad P Bown2002-03. 16 However,
Page 267 and 268: 250Chad P Bowntive adjustment impac
Page 270: PART CFACTORS THATAFFECT TRADE
Page 273 and 274: 256David Hummelsative advantage for
Page 275 and 276: 258David Hummelsprices shift demand
Page 277 and 278: 260David HummelsThe second form of
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262David Hummelsdogenous to how pro
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17The Duration of Trade Relationshi
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The Duration of Trade Relationships
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18Openness and Export Dynamics:New
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Openness and Export Dynamics: New r
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19Market Penetration Costs andInter
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Market Penetration Cost and Interna
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20Taking Advantage of Trade:The rol
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Taking Advantage of Trade: The role
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21Credit Constraints and the Adjust
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Credit Constraints and the Adjustme
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332Miet Maertens and Jo Swinnenmeas
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334Miet Maertens and Jo Swinnenverg
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336Miet Maertens and Jo Swinnenacti
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338Miet Maertens and Jo Swinnenfirm
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340Miet Maertens and Jo SwinnenBIBL
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342Miet Maertens and Jo SwinnenRear
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23Notes on American Adjustment Poli
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Notes on American Adjustment Polici
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362Johan F M Swinnen and Kristine V
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This book summarizes the state of k
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