Adding gas from biomass to the gas grid - SGC

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heating requirements above 250 kW which are located outside district heating and naturalgas distribution zones and areas,- ensuring that the establishment of new individual natural gas supplies in minor communitiesshall be dropped in favour of switching to biomass based district heating or CHP.• Contact the parties to the biomass agreement with a view to changing it in ways that can leadto:- making it possible within the framework of the agreement to replace its very exact quantitiesof straw and wood chips with a more flexible mix of straw and wood chips. This will providea flexibility that can reduce total costs while simultaneously introducing an element ofcompetition which can reduce the fuel prices.- permitting a general opening for the use of biomass in natural gas areas, in order to ensurethe possibilities of further development of biomass CHP after 2000.• Implement a demonstration and development programme for energy crops designed tocontribute to the evaluation of the long-term consequences of increasing the Danish biomassresources by energy crop production, in terms of finance, energy and environment, nature andlandscape, and commerce.• Carry out a limited experimental programme with a view to assessing the basis for thepermanent production and utilisation of biofuels.Taxation and incentivesGreen taxesIn 1995, the government passed collective legislation for trades and industries, the so-called EnergyPackage, as an instrument for reducing CO 2 emissions, and for contributing to fulfilment of thenational CO 2 targets. The package includes energy, CO 2 and SO 2 taxes on energy consumption,subsidies for energy-efficiency measures, entry into agreements for energy-intensive companies,reduction in taxation of labour, and subsidies to the self-employed. The energy and CO 2 taxes aredependent upon energy use, while the SO 2 tax is independent of energy use. In the private sector,energy use is categorized as heavy process, light process and space heating. CO 2 taxes dependupon CO 2 emissions on combustion, as the total tax for all fuels corresponds to € 13.4 per ton ofCO 2 emission. However, the CO 2 tax calculation rate on electricity is fixed and does not fluctuate asa result of changes in fuel consumption in the production of electricity. It is possible for energyintensivecompanies to enter agreements on energy efficiency and thereby reduce their CO 2 taxes.CO 2 taxes will therefore vary significantly, depending upon whether or not an agreement has beenentered, see table 55. Households are taxed with the full CO 2 tax of € 13.4 per ton of CO 2 emission.Energy taxes on fuel consumption for space heating in trade and industry are gradually increaseduntil 2002 as indicated in table 56.page: 99
Carbon dioxide taxApplication€/ton CO 2Heavy process, no agreement 3.4Heavy process with agreement 0.4Light process, no agreement 12.1Light process with agreement 9.1Space heating 13.4Table 55: Resulting CO 2 taxes in 2000Energy taxes in€/GJ of spaceheatingYearFuel 2000 2001 2002Coal 6.3 6.6 6.8Brown and briquettes 6.3 6.6 6.8Cokes and foundry furnace cokes 6.3 6.6 6.8Petroleum6.7 6.8 7.1Gas oil 6.4 6.7 6.8Fuel oil 6.4 6.7 6.8LPG 6.4 6.7 6.8Electricity 18.3 18.8 19.3Natural gas 6.4 6.6 6.8Wood and waste wood 0 0 0Straw 0 0 0Waste 0.8 1.1 1.3Biological gas 0 0 0Table 56: Trade and Industry energy taxes on space heatingTaxFuel€/GJCoal 1.3Brown coal and briquettes 1.3Cokes and foundry furnace cokes 1.3Petroleum1.0Gas oil 1.0Fuel oil 1.1LPG 0.9Electricity 3.7Natural gas 0.8Wood and waste wood 0Straw 0Waste 0Biological gas 0Table 57: CO 2 taxes on fuels.page: 100
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Report SGC 118Adding gas from bioma
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CONTENTS1 INTRODUCTION 32 IMPORTANC
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2 IMPORTANCE OF ADDING GAS FROM BIO
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Incentives by eco-labelingBy adding
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is mixed with coal in a combustor p
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Comparing efficiency data is a diff
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Figure 1: Energy flow diagram and i
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The product revenues are the most u
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3.1.2 Survey of technologiesThis pa
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3.1.3 Table of biogas compositionsD
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Aspect Unit ValueManure M 3 /day 6B
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Technologies for syngas upgradingTh
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CompositionProcesscalorific value M
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4 PIPELINE QUALITY GAS FROM BIOGAS4
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Removal of hydrogen sulphide with m
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Parameter Unit Process Plant exampl
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Parameter Unit Process valueCapacit
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600.9500.840Wobbe index [MJ/m 3 n]R
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Figure 4 illustrates reported inves
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4.3.4 Upgrading by absorption of ca
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Removal of carbon dioxide by water
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Selexol from the flash tank is depr
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poisonous and aggressive liquid wit
Page 47 and 48:
Parameter Unit ProcessCapacity rang
Page 49 and 50: gas system is maintained by a contr
Page 51 and 52: In the gasification process the fir
Page 53 and 54: A catalytic process requires a feed
Page 55 and 56: In all countries gas in a distribut
Page 57 and 58: 6 SUPPLYING GAS FROM BIOMASS TO THE
Page 59 and 60: In Europe only two kinds of natural
Page 61 and 62: Component or quality Unit Limit or
Page 63 and 64: The directive thus also provides po
Page 65 and 66: Figure 13: Maximum range of permitt
Page 67 and 68: Figure 16: Wobbe index for differen
Page 69 and 70: 6.2.5 Discrepancies between standar
Page 71 and 72: 6.2.7 Description of national or de
Page 73 and 74: Figure 17:Arrangement of the contro
Page 75 and 76: Measurement methodDetection tubes f
Page 77 and 78: Descriptioncalculation of propertie
Page 79 and 80: The possibility of adding off-spec
Page 81 and 82: Europe among countries relying on e
Page 83 and 84: 7.1.3 FinlandBiogas is mainly produ
Page 85 and 86: Figure 18: Distribution of capacity
Page 87 and 88: Calorific Availability Market price
Page 89 and 90: Many landfills are equipped with ga
Page 91 and 92: the type and volume of the respecti
Page 93 and 94: 7.2.4 FranceThere are currently no
Page 95 and 96: 7.2.7 SwedenBiogas as a fuel for ve
Page 97 and 98: Policy on renewable energyThe gener
Page 99: Danish energy policy is to contribu
Page 103 and 104: CHP FundThe CHP Fund is an incentiv
Page 105 and 106: Taxation and incentivesFeed-in tari
Page 107 and 108: Subsidies and fundingThere are seve
Page 109 and 110: Figure 20:Impact of the energy tax
Page 111 and 112: TargetsParallel with the target on
Page 113 and 114: Sweden has no actual program dedica
Page 115 and 116: Swedish energy taxesThe Swedish ene
Page 117 and 118: 8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSCo
Page 119 and 120: 14 Upgrading Landfill Gas to Natura
Page 121 and 122: 46 ISO 15971: “Natural gas - Meas
Page 123 and 124: APPENDIX 1:DefinitionsBiogasBiomass
Page 125 and 126: fixed bed gasification: BIONEERProc
Page 127 and 128: Final cooling is accomplished by me
Page 129 and 130: used for direct drying applications
Page 131 and 132: fluidised bed gasification:EISENMAN
Page 133 and 134: fluidised bed gasification:SELTECpr
Page 135 and 136: The Battelle biomass gasification p
Page 137 and 138: Primary heat exchangerThe primary h
Page 139 and 140: active coal filter and cooled. The
Page 141 and 142: • Kärnten (Austria)pyrolysis:Pro
Page 143 and 144: Quality Value UnitComponents• Car
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