Adding gas from biomass to the gas grid - SGC

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converted to a methane rich gas. After the conversion, the gas can be upgraded with the sameprocesses as gas from anaerobic digestion. All of the required sub-processes of converting syngasto pipeline quality gas are well established, but the entire process has not yet been demonstrated.Demonstration of this concept is required to pave the way for a future development towards itsutilisation.The profitability of biogas introduction into the natural gas grid depends on a large number ofparameters like: operating costs and investment of the upgrading plant; the added value (sellingprice) of the upgraded gas; taxation policy; subsidies; and alternative options for utilisation of thebiogas (boiler, CHP, use in separate gas networks etc.). The possible lack of an economic incentivemight be one of the major roadblocks for a substantial utilisation of biogas introduction into thenatural gas grid, since alternative options for utilisation in many cases will be more profitable.Taxation and subsidisation are possible tools to promote biogas introduction into the natural gasgrid.Reluctance from gas customers against gas originating from e.g. landfills, sewage or manure is apotential roadblock for adding upgraded gas to natural gas grids. The reluctance can be based ontechnical or emotional arguments from e.g. private consumers using the gas in stoves, or industrialclients using the gas for e.g. food production.Biogas introduction into the natural gas grid requires that the biogas production is located near agas pipeline. Transportation of the feedstock, of which the biogas is produced, over large distancesis not suitable for economic and environmental reasons. A major share of the potential biogasproduction is based on manure and waste products from the agricultural industry. Due to the natureof this industry, the biogas production is often located in sparsely populated areas, which meansthat introduction of biogas from these sources in significant volumes requires a widely distributednatural gas grid, which is not present in all European countries.Even in cases where biogas introduction into the natural gas grid will the best option of utilisation forthe biogas plant, the incentive of the owner/operator of the natural gas grid might not be present.Missing regulation and legislation of access rights, transparent methods to calculate the networkoperator’s costs etc. can also inhibit biogas introduction in some cases.In order to promote investments in biogas upgrading plants there is a need to establish clearguidelines and regulations for the rights and obligations for the involved organisations, including theowners of the upgrading plants, grid owners, customers (who buy the upgraded gas) etc. Thesemeasures are seen as parallel to the similar regulation for introduction of ‘green’ electricity to thepower grid.page: 77
The possibility of adding off-spec gas to the grid lowers the upgrading costs significantly, andtherefore promotes upgrading. However, off-spec delivery requires gas quality tracking and a closecommunication between the upgrading plant operator and the grid owner. Therefore, off-specdelivery is most suitable when the upgrading plant is owned and operated by the grid owner.page: 78
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Report SGC 118Adding gas from bioma
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CONTENTS1 INTRODUCTION 32 IMPORTANC
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2 IMPORTANCE OF ADDING GAS FROM BIO
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Incentives by eco-labelingBy adding
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is mixed with coal in a combustor p
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Comparing efficiency data is a diff
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Figure 1: Energy flow diagram and i
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The product revenues are the most u
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3.1.2 Survey of technologiesThis pa
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3.1.3 Table of biogas compositionsD
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Aspect Unit ValueManure M 3 /day 6B
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Technologies for syngas upgradingTh
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CompositionProcesscalorific value M
Page 27 and 28: 4 PIPELINE QUALITY GAS FROM BIOGAS4
Page 29 and 30: Removal of hydrogen sulphide with m
Page 31 and 32: Parameter Unit Process Plant exampl
Page 33 and 34: Parameter Unit Process valueCapacit
Page 35 and 36: 600.9500.840Wobbe index [MJ/m 3 n]R
Page 37 and 38: Figure 4 illustrates reported inves
Page 39 and 40: 4.3.4 Upgrading by absorption of ca
Page 41 and 42: Removal of carbon dioxide by water
Page 43 and 44: Selexol from the flash tank is depr
Page 45 and 46: poisonous and aggressive liquid wit
Page 47 and 48: Parameter Unit ProcessCapacity rang
Page 49 and 50: gas system is maintained by a contr
Page 51 and 52: In the gasification process the fir
Page 53 and 54: A catalytic process requires a feed
Page 55 and 56: In all countries gas in a distribut
Page 57 and 58: 6 SUPPLYING GAS FROM BIOMASS TO THE
Page 59 and 60: In Europe only two kinds of natural
Page 61 and 62: Component or quality Unit Limit or
Page 63 and 64: The directive thus also provides po
Page 65 and 66: Figure 13: Maximum range of permitt
Page 67 and 68: Figure 16: Wobbe index for differen
Page 69 and 70: 6.2.5 Discrepancies between standar
Page 71 and 72: 6.2.7 Description of national or de
Page 73 and 74: Figure 17:Arrangement of the contro
Page 75 and 76: Measurement methodDetection tubes f
Page 77: Descriptioncalculation of propertie
Page 81 and 82: Europe among countries relying on e
Page 83 and 84: 7.1.3 FinlandBiogas is mainly produ
Page 85 and 86: Figure 18: Distribution of capacity
Page 87 and 88: Calorific Availability Market price
Page 89 and 90: Many landfills are equipped with ga
Page 91 and 92: the type and volume of the respecti
Page 93 and 94: 7.2.4 FranceThere are currently no
Page 95 and 96: 7.2.7 SwedenBiogas as a fuel for ve
Page 97 and 98: Policy on renewable energyThe gener
Page 99 and 100: Danish energy policy is to contribu
Page 101 and 102: Carbon dioxide taxApplication€/to
Page 103 and 104: CHP FundThe CHP Fund is an incentiv
Page 105 and 106: Taxation and incentivesFeed-in tari
Page 107 and 108: Subsidies and fundingThere are seve
Page 109 and 110: Figure 20:Impact of the energy tax
Page 111 and 112: TargetsParallel with the target on
Page 113 and 114: Sweden has no actual program dedica
Page 115 and 116: Swedish energy taxesThe Swedish ene
Page 117 and 118: 8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSCo
Page 119 and 120: 14 Upgrading Landfill Gas to Natura
Page 121 and 122: 46 ISO 15971: “Natural gas - Meas
Page 123 and 124: APPENDIX 1:DefinitionsBiogasBiomass
Page 125 and 126: fixed bed gasification: BIONEERProc
Page 127 and 128: Final cooling is accomplished by me
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used for direct drying applications
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fluidised bed gasification:EISENMAN
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fluidised bed gasification:SELTECpr
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The Battelle biomass gasification p
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Primary heat exchangerThe primary h
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active coal filter and cooled. The
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• Kärnten (Austria)pyrolysis:Pro
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Quality Value UnitComponents• Car
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Adding gas from biomass to the gas grid - SGC

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