Adding gas from biomass to the gas grid - SGC

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1 INTRODUCTIONNowadays there are only a few biomass gasification plants operative worldwide delivering gas tothe grid. One of the main reasons for this is that gas from biomass is hardly competitive with naturalgas or other sources of energy. Useful application of the produced heat is in most cases restrictedto local utilisation, since large distance transport of heat is economically unattractive.A way to improve the economics is to use biogas via the gas grid at locations where all biogas canbe used efficiently at any time. This use may involve for example the conversion to heat orelectricity, or use as a vehicle fuel. One way to accomplish this is adding the biogas to the naturalgas grid. The other way is to utilise a dedicated gas distribution grid with end-user applications fit forthe local gas quality.The aim of this project carried out in the framework of the Altener programme is to provide anoverview of technologies for cleaning and upgrading of biogas for remote use. A further aim is todetermine to what extent gases produced from biomass (digestion or gasification) can be added tothe gas grid and what additional safety regulations are necessary. Finally, existing Europeanstandards and national legislation have been studied in order to determine the possibility ofconflicting and/or missing regulations with the intended approach. The information collected in thisproject can be used to select promising technologies and may serve as background information fordeveloping harmonised standards.This report describes the various production and cleaning techniques and the present requirementsfor the use of biogas.The technology for adding gas from biomass to the gas grid on a larger scale can contribute to ahigher share of biomass in the energy supply and will also allow a highly efficient use of the energycontained in the biomass. Moderate tax incentives will make the use of gas from biomasseconomically attractive for large groups of end-users.This project was financed by:• European Commision in the Alterner program and in:• the Netherlands by: EnergieNed and NOVEM,• Denmark by: DONG, Hoverstadsregion Naturgas I/S, Naturgas Sjælland I/S, Naturgas Fyn I/S,Naturgas Midt-Nord I/S, Københavns Energi, The Danisch Energy Agency and• Sweden by: funds provided by the Swedish natural gas distribution companies and the SwedishEnergy Authority.Erik Polman (Gastec) provided the project management. The production of the final report wasprovided by Marijke Jansen en Rosalien Kiestra.page: 3
2 IMPORTANCE OF ADDING GAS FROM BIOMASS TO THE GAS GRID2.1 BIOMASS FOR ENERGYBiomass is one of the most important sources of renewable energy. The European Commissiondepicts in its 1997 White Paper ‘Energy for the Future: renewable sources of energy’ [lit.1] astrategy and action plan for the enhanced use of renewable energy sources. Table 1 summarisessome data from this White Paper. This paper distinguishes two energy products from biomass: heatand electricity. The paper assumes that all heat released from biomass is generated with anefficiency of 100%. The efficiency for the production of electricity is assumed to increase from 29%in 1995 to 33% in 2010. The heat generated in the production of electricity is not considered to beused. In practice a large part of the heat will find a useful application.Aspect 1995 2010Total utilised renewable energy sources PJ 3100 7600biomass for energy PJ 1870 5650contribution of biomass in the total of renewable energy sources % 60 74heat from biomass PJ 1590 3140biomass for electricity production PJ 280 2510electricity from biomass PJ 83 830conversion efficiency % 29 33Table 1: EC’s White Paper data on the growth of utilisation of the energy from biomassBiomass is the most important contributor to the growth in renewable energy sources. Between1995 and 2010 3780 PJ 1 of biomass capacity will be installed. The cost effectivity for using energyfrom biomass equals that of hydro and wind power but is better compared to other sources ofrenewable energy as photovoltaic or geothermal by a factor three to ten.Biomass for energy use can be found everywhere in nature. Biomass can also be generated forenergy use in the rehabilitation of regenerated lands, agroforestry, urban and community forestry.Energy plantations, when managed properly, can be successful, as already demonstrated in, forexample, Ethiopia and Brazil [lit.2]. Biomass is also a by-product in the production of food andtimber. These by-products, often more than 50% of the total input, constitute an important source ofsustainable energy.The technology of the conversion of biomass to energy can also be used to produce energy fromother organic waste (manure, plastics, tires, industrial wastes). Conversion of these organic wastesnot only contributes to the energy supply, but also reduces their adverse impact on the environment.The worldwide production of biomass on the land surface exceeds the energy consumption by afactor 100 [lit.3]. Only a part of this biomass is, by its remote location and dispersed nature,available for energy production. Even from the biomass available for energy production currently1Recalculated from Mtoe: million tonnes of oil equivalent: 1 Mtoe = 42 PJ; 1 PJ = 10 15 Joulepage: 4
Page 1 and 2: Report SGC 118Adding gas from bioma
Page 3: CONTENTS1 INTRODUCTION 32 IMPORTANC
Page 7 and 8: Incentives by eco-labelingBy adding
Page 9 and 10: is mixed with coal in a combustor p
Page 11 and 12: Comparing efficiency data is a diff
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In all countries gas in a distribut
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6 SUPPLYING GAS FROM BIOMASS TO THE
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In Europe only two kinds of natural
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Component or quality Unit Limit or
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The directive thus also provides po
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Figure 13: Maximum range of permitt
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Figure 16: Wobbe index for differen
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6.2.5 Discrepancies between standar
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6.2.7 Description of national or de
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Figure 17:Arrangement of the contro
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Measurement methodDetection tubes f
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Descriptioncalculation of propertie
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The possibility of adding off-spec
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Europe among countries relying on e
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7.1.3 FinlandBiogas is mainly produ
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Figure 18: Distribution of capacity
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Calorific Availability Market price
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Many landfills are equipped with ga
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the type and volume of the respecti
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7.2.4 FranceThere are currently no
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7.2.7 SwedenBiogas as a fuel for ve
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Policy on renewable energyThe gener
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Danish energy policy is to contribu
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Carbon dioxide taxApplication€/to
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CHP FundThe CHP Fund is an incentiv
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Taxation and incentivesFeed-in tari
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Subsidies and fundingThere are seve
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Figure 20:Impact of the energy tax
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TargetsParallel with the target on
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Sweden has no actual program dedica
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Swedish energy taxesThe Swedish ene
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8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSCo
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14 Upgrading Landfill Gas to Natura
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46 ISO 15971: “Natural gas - Meas
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APPENDIX 1:DefinitionsBiogasBiomass
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fixed bed gasification: BIONEERProc
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Final cooling is accomplished by me
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used for direct drying applications
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fluidised bed gasification:EISENMAN
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fluidised bed gasification:SELTECpr
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The Battelle biomass gasification p
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Primary heat exchangerThe primary h
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active coal filter and cooled. The
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• Kärnten (Austria)pyrolysis:Pro
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Quality Value UnitComponents• Car
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