Adding gas from biomass to the gas grid - SGC

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fluidised bed gasification:Process descriptionManufacturerReaction pressureTPSpressurised fluidised bedTermiska Processor Sweden ABatmosphericQuality Value UnitComponents• Carbon monoxide16 %• Hydrogen8 %• Methane6 %• Other hydrocarbons5 %• Carbon dioxide15 %• Nitrogen and argon53 %Calorific value 5 MJ/m 3Table 65: Typical properties of syngas from the TPS processPlants• THERMIE project ARBRE UK• UNDP project Brazil• Crève-in-Chianti ItalyQuality Value UnitComponents• Carbon monoxide9• Hydrogen9• Methane7• Other hydrocarbons5• Carbon dioxide16• Nitrogen and argon46Contaminants• Hydrogen sulphide• Particulates• Condensate%%%%%%494884ppmg/m 3g/m 3Calorific value 7 MJ/m 3Table 66: Specific gas composition at the Crève-in-Chianti plantpyrolysis:BATELLE / FERCOProcess name: Battelle - FERCOOrigin:USACapacity:typical 45 MWthDescription:two reactor system: A pyrolysis and a combustion reactor. The circulation of sandmaintains the heat exchange between the reactors• pressure atmospheric• reactants airStatus:demonstrationpage: 133
The Battelle biomass gasification process, licensed in North America by Future Energy ResourcesCorporation (FERCO) in Atlanta, Georgia, produces a medium-calorific product gas without the need for anoxygen plant. The process uses two reactors: a pyrolysis reactor in which the biomass is converted into amedium-Btu gas and residual char, and a combustor that burns the residual char to provide heat for thepyrolysis. Heat transfer between reactors is accomplished by circulating sand between the pyrolysor and thecombustor. The process utilises the high reactivity of biomass feedstocks.The very rapid heating of the raw biomass minimises the tar formation. Efficiently used solid residue is theheat source for the pyrolysis process. The produced syngas is interchangeable with natural gas as a gasturbine fuel. The syngas fuelled a 200 kWe Solar gas turbine. Only minor modifications to the fuel feedsystem where needed. A single solenoid valve switches between the natural gas and syngas to the fuelinput of the gas turbine.Quality Value UnitComponents• Carbon monoxide30 %• Hydrogen4 %• Methane4 %• Other hydrocarbons1 %• not reported61 %Calorific value 7 MJ/m 3Table 67: Exampleof gas composition of the Batelle/Ferco processThe first large-scale plant, rated at 40 MWth, was started in 1999 at the McNeil power station of BurlingtonElectric Department in Burlington, Vermont.pyrolysis:BRIGHTSTARProcess name: BrightstarOrigin:USACapacity:typical 1.5 ton/hour modulesDescription:pyrolysis followed by steam reforming• reactants waterStatus:demonstratedEfficiency: 80 - 97%The Brightstar process requires and utilises moisture in the biomass as a reactant and uses no air or otherexternal source of oxygen. In essence, the Brightstar system uses fast pyrolysis of the biomass followed bya steam reforming of the resulting constituents. The entire process occurs in a reducing environment. Thereactions in the Brightstar gasifier are: flash evaporation of inherent moisture, volatisation of higher organiccomponents, heavy hydrocarbon cracking, pyrolysis, and steam reforming. The process is shown in figure22.page: 134
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Report SGC 118Adding gas from bioma
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CONTENTS1 INTRODUCTION 32 IMPORTANC
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2 IMPORTANCE OF ADDING GAS FROM BIO
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Incentives by eco-labelingBy adding
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is mixed with coal in a combustor p
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Comparing efficiency data is a diff
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Figure 1: Energy flow diagram and i
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The product revenues are the most u
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3.1.2 Survey of technologiesThis pa
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3.1.3 Table of biogas compositionsD
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Aspect Unit ValueManure M 3 /day 6B
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Technologies for syngas upgradingTh
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CompositionProcesscalorific value M
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4 PIPELINE QUALITY GAS FROM BIOGAS4
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Removal of hydrogen sulphide with m
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Parameter Unit Process Plant exampl
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Parameter Unit Process valueCapacit
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600.9500.840Wobbe index [MJ/m 3 n]R
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Figure 4 illustrates reported inves
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4.3.4 Upgrading by absorption of ca
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Removal of carbon dioxide by water
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Selexol from the flash tank is depr
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poisonous and aggressive liquid wit
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Parameter Unit ProcessCapacity rang
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gas system is maintained by a contr
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In the gasification process the fir
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A catalytic process requires a feed
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In all countries gas in a distribut
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6 SUPPLYING GAS FROM BIOMASS TO THE
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In Europe only two kinds of natural
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Component or quality Unit Limit or
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The directive thus also provides po
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Figure 13: Maximum range of permitt
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Figure 16: Wobbe index for differen
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6.2.5 Discrepancies between standar
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6.2.7 Description of national or de
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Figure 17:Arrangement of the contro
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Measurement methodDetection tubes f
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Descriptioncalculation of propertie
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The possibility of adding off-spec
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Europe among countries relying on e
Page 83 and 84: 7.1.3 FinlandBiogas is mainly produ
Page 85 and 86: Figure 18: Distribution of capacity
Page 87 and 88: Calorific Availability Market price
Page 89 and 90: Many landfills are equipped with ga
Page 91 and 92: the type and volume of the respecti
Page 93 and 94: 7.2.4 FranceThere are currently no
Page 95 and 96: 7.2.7 SwedenBiogas as a fuel for ve
Page 97 and 98: Policy on renewable energyThe gener
Page 99 and 100: Danish energy policy is to contribu
Page 101 and 102: Carbon dioxide taxApplication€/to
Page 103 and 104: CHP FundThe CHP Fund is an incentiv
Page 105 and 106: Taxation and incentivesFeed-in tari
Page 107 and 108: Subsidies and fundingThere are seve
Page 109 and 110: Figure 20:Impact of the energy tax
Page 111 and 112: TargetsParallel with the target on
Page 113 and 114: Sweden has no actual program dedica
Page 115 and 116: Swedish energy taxesThe Swedish ene
Page 117 and 118: 8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSCo
Page 119 and 120: 14 Upgrading Landfill Gas to Natura
Page 121 and 122: 46 ISO 15971: “Natural gas - Meas
Page 123 and 124: APPENDIX 1:DefinitionsBiogasBiomass
Page 125 and 126: fixed bed gasification: BIONEERProc
Page 127 and 128: Final cooling is accomplished by me
Page 129 and 130: used for direct drying applications
Page 131 and 132: fluidised bed gasification:EISENMAN
Page 133: fluidised bed gasification:SELTECpr
Page 137 and 138: Primary heat exchangerThe primary h
Page 139 and 140: active coal filter and cooled. The
Page 141 and 142: • Kärnten (Austria)pyrolysis:Pro
Page 143 and 144: Quality Value UnitComponents• Car
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Adding gas from biomass to the gas grid - SGC

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