Adding gas from biomass to the gas grid - SGC

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Alkali metalsAt high temperatures some alkali metal components vaporize and can be transported to theappliances, some of them are vulnerable to alkali metal components. Gas turbines require a feedwithout alkali metal components.AromaticsAromatics like benzene and toluene are present in some natural gas and can induce stresscorrosion cracking in some plastic pipelines. New plastic pipeline materials are rather resistant tostress corrosion by aromatic components. Some limitation of the concentration of aromaticcomponents in the product gas can be needed.Carbon monoxideCarbon monoxide containing town gas is distributed for decennia all over the world. Properodorisation is used to reach an early warning in case of a leakage. A potential problem arises withthe increasing use of stainless steel in appliances. The nickel, if present, in the stainless steel reactsat room temperature with the carbon monoxide to form gaseous carbonyl compounds.HalogensMost chlorine and fluorine (halogens) originate from waste materials, often co-processed withbiomass. But also some biomass can contain considerable amounts of halogens. Limitations existto avoid the formation of halogen acids and other adverse halogenated products during combustion.Methane numberCurrently all reciprocal gas engines are adapted to the actual range of methane numbers in thegases to be fed to the installation. The distribution of a gas with a methane number outside thecurrent range can impose serious problems to the gas engine. Fluctuations within the actual rangereduce the averaged energy conversion efficiency of the gas engine. It is possible to have a controlsystem on the gas engine to adapt to the actual methane number. Currently most European gaseshave a methane number between 70 and 100 [lit.31]. The International Standard Organisation hasproduced a draft standard on the use of natural gas as vehicle fuel [lit.32].SiloxanesSiloxanes are large, but still volatile, organic silicium containing components present in wastestreams. On combustion they form silicium oxide building up an abrasive layer in a gas engine.Often it is possible to trace the source of the siloxanes and to stop this contamination.In Austria explicit limits are given in their standard ‘Deponiegas’ [lit.30] on chlorine and fluorineconcentrations.page: 59
Component or quality Unit Limit or range Remarksalkali metals ppm mol n.a. gas turbinesAromatic components mol% n.a. -carbon monoxide mol% < 1 -Chlorine containing components mg/m 3 < 50 environment, corrosion(halogen)fluorine containing components mg/m 3 < 25 Environment(halogen)Methane number - 70 - 100Siloxanes - not detectable deteriorating gas enginesand turbinesTable 27: New requirements on distribution gas composition and propertiesConsequences of gas quality aspectsCleaningAll gases added to the gas grid should be cleaned from contaminating components: liquids, dust,sulphurous components, trace components. Cleaning processes are mature and rather standard.Selection of the most economic cleaning process is a matter of routine engineering.Treatment and conversionIn some cases also the Wobbe index and methane number needs adjustment to prevailingstandards. This adjustment requires specific physical (treatment) or chemical processes(conversion). The technology for treatment and conversion of gases is available but only incidentallyapplied on gases obtained from biomass. Therefore each application requires innovativeengineering solutions for treatment and conversion of the gases. The strictest conditions prevail forthe H natural gases. In these gases only a low concentration of non-hydrocarbon components (up to3 - 5%) may be present in the gas due to the Wobbe index limitation. L natural gases may containlarger amounts of non-hydrocarbon (15 - 20%) components. Treatment and conversion of gasesdestined for an L gas grid will be much easier feasible than for gases dedicated to the H gas grid.6.2 LEGISLATIONOne prerequisite for the transport of biogas on the European natural gas grid is that the legalframework for access to the natural gas grid is designed in a way that makes it possible for smallergas producers to transport their gas on the grid.This legal framework is not only necessary for the biogas producers, but also necessary for the freetrade of different natural gas qualities within the EU. The basis for this framework is the directivefrom the EC concerning free trade of gas within the EU.The gas industry is regulated by a large number of laws and regulations. Some of them are national,others are international.page: 60
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Report SGC 118Adding gas from bioma
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CONTENTS1 INTRODUCTION 32 IMPORTANC
Page 5 and 6:
2 IMPORTANCE OF ADDING GAS FROM BIO
Page 7 and 8:
Incentives by eco-labelingBy adding
Page 9 and 10: is mixed with coal in a combustor p
Page 11 and 12: Comparing efficiency data is a diff
Page 13 and 14: Figure 1: Energy flow diagram and i
Page 15 and 16: The product revenues are the most u
Page 17 and 18: 3.1.2 Survey of technologiesThis pa
Page 19 and 20: 3.1.3 Table of biogas compositionsD
Page 21 and 22: Aspect Unit ValueManure M 3 /day 6B
Page 23 and 24: Technologies for syngas upgradingTh
Page 25 and 26: CompositionProcesscalorific value M
Page 27 and 28: 4 PIPELINE QUALITY GAS FROM BIOGAS4
Page 29 and 30: Removal of hydrogen sulphide with m
Page 31 and 32: Parameter Unit Process Plant exampl
Page 33 and 34: Parameter Unit Process valueCapacit
Page 35 and 36: 600.9500.840Wobbe index [MJ/m 3 n]R
Page 37 and 38: Figure 4 illustrates reported inves
Page 39 and 40: 4.3.4 Upgrading by absorption of ca
Page 41 and 42: Removal of carbon dioxide by water
Page 43 and 44: Selexol from the flash tank is depr
Page 45 and 46: poisonous and aggressive liquid wit
Page 47 and 48: Parameter Unit ProcessCapacity rang
Page 49 and 50: gas system is maintained by a contr
Page 51 and 52: In the gasification process the fir
Page 53 and 54: A catalytic process requires a feed
Page 55 and 56: In all countries gas in a distribut
Page 57 and 58: 6 SUPPLYING GAS FROM BIOMASS TO THE
Page 59: In Europe only two kinds of natural
Page 63 and 64: The directive thus also provides po
Page 65 and 66: Figure 13: Maximum range of permitt
Page 67 and 68: Figure 16: Wobbe index for differen
Page 69 and 70: 6.2.5 Discrepancies between standar
Page 71 and 72: 6.2.7 Description of national or de
Page 73 and 74: Figure 17:Arrangement of the contro
Page 75 and 76: Measurement methodDetection tubes f
Page 77 and 78: Descriptioncalculation of propertie
Page 79 and 80: The possibility of adding off-spec
Page 81 and 82: Europe among countries relying on e
Page 83 and 84: 7.1.3 FinlandBiogas is mainly produ
Page 85 and 86: Figure 18: Distribution of capacity
Page 87 and 88: Calorific Availability Market price
Page 89 and 90: Many landfills are equipped with ga
Page 91 and 92: the type and volume of the respecti
Page 93 and 94: 7.2.4 FranceThere are currently no
Page 95 and 96: 7.2.7 SwedenBiogas as a fuel for ve
Page 97 and 98: Policy on renewable energyThe gener
Page 99 and 100: Danish energy policy is to contribu
Page 101 and 102: Carbon dioxide taxApplication€/to
Page 103 and 104: CHP FundThe CHP Fund is an incentiv
Page 105 and 106: Taxation and incentivesFeed-in tari
Page 107 and 108: Subsidies and fundingThere are seve
Page 109 and 110: Figure 20:Impact of the energy tax
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TargetsParallel with the target on
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Sweden has no actual program dedica
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Swedish energy taxesThe Swedish ene
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8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSCo
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14 Upgrading Landfill Gas to Natura
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46 ISO 15971: “Natural gas - Meas
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APPENDIX 1:DefinitionsBiogasBiomass
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fixed bed gasification: BIONEERProc
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Final cooling is accomplished by me
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used for direct drying applications
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fluidised bed gasification:EISENMAN
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fluidised bed gasification:SELTECpr
Page 135 and 136:
The Battelle biomass gasification p
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Primary heat exchangerThe primary h
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active coal filter and cooled. The
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• Kärnten (Austria)pyrolysis:Pro
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Quality Value UnitComponents• Car
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