Adding gas from biomass to the gas grid - SGC

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5 PIPELINE QUALITY GAS FROM SYNGAS5.1 PROCESS LAYOUTFigure 10 gives an example of a process to convert syngas from biomass to pipeline quality gas.The main process steps after gasification are cleaning, conversion and upgrading. The bordersbetween gasification, cleaning, conversion and upgrading are arbitrary. The cleaning step removescontaminants from the syngas, the conversion process converts carbon monoxide to methane andthe upgrading step removes carbon dioxide and nitrogen as far as necessary to reach pipeline gasquality. Sometimes propane is added in the upgrading step to increase the calorific value. If the gasis supplied to a distribution grid also an odorant is added to ensure sufficient perceptibility of thegas. A thorough and highly generalised discussion on syngas treatment is given in the Ullmann’sEncyclopaedia of Industrial Chemistry [lit.19]. A detailed example of the production of pipelinequality gas from syngas from biomass is given in a confidential Gastec report [lit.20]. The basic datafor this process are given in table 20.Unit Pipelinequality gasproductioninstalled capacity MW 19efficiency pipeline quality gas production % 79investment (excluding syngas production) M€ 5specific investment pipeline quality gasproduction€/kWg 260Table 20: Basic data for a syngas to pipeline quality gas conversion plant. The plant capacity is 24MW syngas, and includes a syngas cleaning train, methanising reactor and a pressureswing absorption carbon dioxide removal step.gas productioncleaningconversionupgradingcyclone IIfiltercyclone ISremovalCO conversionCO2removalto gridbiomassrecyclingwaterpropaneodorantoxygen/airoptionalash/wasteash/wasteFigure 10: The schematic route to produce pipeline quality gas from syngas from biomasspage: 49
In the gasification process the first degradation stage is often followed by an additional hightemperature gasification stage for the conversion of remaining tars and carbon rich solids to gasesand carbon free ash. This essential clean up is generally considered as a part of the gasificationprocess. Also the first cyclone to separate the gas and solids is often designed as a part of thegasifier.Syngas cleaning starts with an already relatively clean synthesis gas with a low amount ofaccompanying liquids and solids. The cleaning train consists of a sequence of cleaning units, eachunit removing some of the contaminating components.The general lay out is to cool down the raw syngas and to remove the bulk of the entrained solidsand liquids with a cyclone, a filter removes remaining solids (solid and liquid separation). The nextstep is to remove, when necessary, the sulphurous components (desulphurisation).The clean syngas is used for heat and power production. The clean syngas is also used for theconversion to higher value chemicals, as for example, methanol. Conversion of syngas to methanemakes it possible to produce a pipeline quality gas. This process is widely studied anddemonstrated and is considered as mature. Due to the abundant and low cost availability of naturalgas there are currently however no commercial pipeline quality gas production plants.A recent study by Gastec [lit.21] compares the production of power and pipeline quality gas fromsyngas. A projected thermal biomass gasification unit produces 70 MWth of clean syngas at nearlyatmospheric pressure. In this specific case 50% of the syngas was obtained from biomass and theremaining was obtained from (fossil derived) organic wastes. Four potential roads for the final use ofthe syngas were compared:• production of power by a steam turbine• production of power by a gas turbine• production of power by combined cycle system• production of pipeline quality gas for delivery at 40 bar to the gas transport gridTable 21 summarises some of the results of this study.page: 50
Page 1 and 2: Report SGC 118Adding gas from bioma
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS1 INTRODUCTION 32 IMPORTANC
Page 5 and 6: 2 IMPORTANCE OF ADDING GAS FROM BIO
Page 7 and 8: Incentives by eco-labelingBy adding
Page 9 and 10: is mixed with coal in a combustor p
Page 11 and 12: Comparing efficiency data is a diff
Page 13 and 14: Figure 1: Energy flow diagram and i
Page 15 and 16: The product revenues are the most u
Page 17 and 18: 3.1.2 Survey of technologiesThis pa
Page 19 and 20: 3.1.3 Table of biogas compositionsD
Page 21 and 22: Aspect Unit ValueManure M 3 /day 6B
Page 23 and 24: Technologies for syngas upgradingTh
Page 25 and 26: CompositionProcesscalorific value M
Page 27 and 28: 4 PIPELINE QUALITY GAS FROM BIOGAS4
Page 29 and 30: Removal of hydrogen sulphide with m
Page 31 and 32: Parameter Unit Process Plant exampl
Page 33 and 34: Parameter Unit Process valueCapacit
Page 35 and 36: 600.9500.840Wobbe index [MJ/m 3 n]R
Page 37 and 38: Figure 4 illustrates reported inves
Page 39 and 40: 4.3.4 Upgrading by absorption of ca
Page 41 and 42: Removal of carbon dioxide by water
Page 43 and 44: Selexol from the flash tank is depr
Page 45 and 46: poisonous and aggressive liquid wit
Page 47 and 48: Parameter Unit ProcessCapacity rang
Page 49: gas system is maintained by a contr
Page 53 and 54: A catalytic process requires a feed
Page 55 and 56: In all countries gas in a distribut
Page 57 and 58: 6 SUPPLYING GAS FROM BIOMASS TO THE
Page 59 and 60: In Europe only two kinds of natural
Page 61 and 62: Component or quality Unit Limit or
Page 63 and 64: The directive thus also provides po
Page 65 and 66: Figure 13: Maximum range of permitt
Page 67 and 68: Figure 16: Wobbe index for differen
Page 69 and 70: 6.2.5 Discrepancies between standar
Page 71 and 72: 6.2.7 Description of national or de
Page 73 and 74: Figure 17:Arrangement of the contro
Page 75 and 76: Measurement methodDetection tubes f
Page 77 and 78: Descriptioncalculation of propertie
Page 79 and 80: The possibility of adding off-spec
Page 81 and 82: Europe among countries relying on e
Page 83 and 84: 7.1.3 FinlandBiogas is mainly produ
Page 85 and 86: Figure 18: Distribution of capacity
Page 87 and 88: Calorific Availability Market price
Page 89 and 90: Many landfills are equipped with ga
Page 91 and 92: the type and volume of the respecti
Page 93 and 94: 7.2.4 FranceThere are currently no
Page 95 and 96: 7.2.7 SwedenBiogas as a fuel for ve
Page 97 and 98: Policy on renewable energyThe gener
Page 99 and 100: Danish energy policy is to contribu
Page 101 and 102:
Carbon dioxide taxApplication€/to
Page 103 and 104:
CHP FundThe CHP Fund is an incentiv
Page 105 and 106:
Taxation and incentivesFeed-in tari
Page 107 and 108:
Subsidies and fundingThere are seve
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 20:Impact of the energy tax
Page 111 and 112:
TargetsParallel with the target on
Page 113 and 114:
Sweden has no actual program dedica
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Swedish energy taxesThe Swedish ene
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8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSCo
Page 119 and 120:
14 Upgrading Landfill Gas to Natura
Page 121 and 122:
46 ISO 15971: “Natural gas - Meas
Page 123 and 124:
APPENDIX 1:DefinitionsBiogasBiomass
Page 125 and 126:
fixed bed gasification: BIONEERProc
Page 127 and 128:
Final cooling is accomplished by me
Page 129 and 130:
used for direct drying applications
Page 131 and 132:
fluidised bed gasification:EISENMAN
Page 133 and 134:
fluidised bed gasification:SELTECpr
Page 135 and 136:
The Battelle biomass gasification p
Page 137 and 138:
Primary heat exchangerThe primary h
Page 139 and 140:
active coal filter and cooled. The
Page 141 and 142:
• Kärnten (Austria)pyrolysis:Pro
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Quality Value UnitComponents• Car
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Adding gas from biomass to the gas grid - SGC

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