Adding gas from biomass to the gas grid - SGC

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Energy technology research concentrates on incineration technology, gasification technology andflue gas and exhaust purification technology and is expected to lead to more efficient energytransformation methods and increased energy efficiency in industrial processes.According to the Riksdag's energy policy decision energy research will take a slightly differentcourse in the future in that energy system research and collaboration with the Baltic states will beemphasised.Energy Media 1970 1980 1990 1996 2010Crude oil and oil products 1260 1026 673 781 803Natural gas, town gas 25 32 47Coal and coke 65 68 112 112 115Biofuels, peat etc. 155 173 234 313 353Waste heat etc.,district heating systems 4 29 29 42Hydropower, gross 148 212 263 187 243Nuclear power, gross 94 245 266 241Nuclear power, gross(international method) 274 720 799 698Electricity import minus export 14 4 -11 22 10Total energy supply 1645 1580 1573 1746 1854Total energy supply,international method 1645 1760 2048 2279 2311Table 59: Energy supply, 1970-1996, forecast for 2010, in PJIn 1999 a waste tax for organic wastes to landfills was launched. The tax amounts to approximately€ 30/ton. This tax has promoted the interest for digestion as a waste management method in thecommunities. In the year 2005 there will be a prohibition concerning landfilling of organic wastes.This is supposed to result in an increasing market for digestion/biogas production as a wasterecycling method.Biogas as vehicle fuelUtilisation of the natural gas grid as a transporting system for biogas plays an important role inpromoting the use of biogas as a vehicle fuel, as it will be possible to produce biogas in any placealong the gas grid with the possibility to trade 100% of the gas as vehicle fuel.The value for biogas is at the moment highest if the gas can be used as vehicle fuel. The price forbiogas as vehicle fuel in Sweden was in the autumn of 2000 around 70 €ct/m 3 . This corresponds toa petrol price of 70 €ct/litre that makes it competitive on the market even though the biogas carscost 3 - 5 k€. Biogas as vehicle fuel is relieved from taxes through an amendment to the EUPetroleum directive 92/81/EEG. This gives biogas a long term potential as a vehicle fuel if it can beupgraded and distributed to the market via the natural gas grid.page: 113
Swedish energy taxesThe Swedish energy taxes are divided into three parts, an energy tax, a CO 2 -tax and a sulphur tax.The energy tax is different for different types of fuels. The CO 2 -tax is based on the carbon content inthe fuel and the sulphur tax is also based on the sulphur content in the fuel. Biofuels and biogas isrelieved from all forms of tax (except VAT).7.3.8 SwitzerlandTaxUnit Energy Carbon Sulphur TotalProductdioxideBiogas/Biofuel 0 0 0 0Diesel 1 €/m 3 214 121 0 335Petrol €/m 3 415 99 0 514Fuel oil No1 €/m 3 85 121 6 212Natural gas €/1000m 3 28 91 0 119Table 60: Energy taxes in Sweden. The use of electricity is taxed in Sweden. The tax variesbetween zero for the industry and 2 €ct/kWh for domestic consumption.Renewable energy is one of the ‘hottest’ domestic political issues in Switzerland. Energyconsumption as well as energy production has been identified as the main source of air pollution.This is significant as air pollution happens to be the ‘problem child’ of the otherwise rathersuccessful Swiss pollution control program. A particularly sensitive aspect is the replacement of thecountry's five nuclear power plants which needs to be completed within the next 10-15 years.Nuclear power covers 39% of the Swiss consumption of electric energy and there is no viablealternative in sight. Energy prices are under growing pressure due to the market liberalization.Although moving more slowly than in most other European countries, the liberalization process isadvancing at a steady pace. The resulting lower energy prices are hardly encouraging for makingthe switch to high cost renewable energy from ‘clean sources’. The Swiss approach is different frommost of its European neighbors as the law does not include a quota for renewable energy (such asSpain e.g.) or a legal requirement to accept renewable energy such as in Germany(Ruecknahmegesetz). The goal is to be reached by a mix of financial incentives and subsidies.Partly inspired by the German example, the Swiss Parliament is haggling over the final touches ofwhat is described as an ecological tax law reform. The goal is to tax ‘wasteful use of energy’ as wellas energy produced by means which are classified as ‘environmentally unfriendly’. The resultingfinancial pressure is expected to further investments in relevant equipment and technologies. Thenew revenues which will be generated will be recycled back into the economy to promote the use ofrenewable energy, energy efficiency and relevant R&D. Some 350 - 470 M€ will become availableannually as a result. Some of these funds will flow into the follow-up program of ‘Energy 2000’.‘Energy 2000’, which is about to be concluded, was launched by the Government in 1991 to furtherrenewable energies, energy efficiency and R&D. According to a June 1999 report, some 62% of thegoals in the heating sector and about 88% of the targets in the field of electrical power had beenpage: 114
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Report SGC 118Adding gas from bioma
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CONTENTS1 INTRODUCTION 32 IMPORTANC
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2 IMPORTANCE OF ADDING GAS FROM BIO
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Incentives by eco-labelingBy adding
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is mixed with coal in a combustor p
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Comparing efficiency data is a diff
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Figure 1: Energy flow diagram and i
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The product revenues are the most u
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3.1.2 Survey of technologiesThis pa
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3.1.3 Table of biogas compositionsD
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Aspect Unit ValueManure M 3 /day 6B
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Technologies for syngas upgradingTh
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CompositionProcesscalorific value M
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4 PIPELINE QUALITY GAS FROM BIOGAS4
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Removal of hydrogen sulphide with m
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Parameter Unit Process Plant exampl
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Parameter Unit Process valueCapacit
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600.9500.840Wobbe index [MJ/m 3 n]R
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Figure 4 illustrates reported inves
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4.3.4 Upgrading by absorption of ca
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Removal of carbon dioxide by water
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Selexol from the flash tank is depr
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poisonous and aggressive liquid wit
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Parameter Unit ProcessCapacity rang
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gas system is maintained by a contr
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In the gasification process the fir
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A catalytic process requires a feed
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In all countries gas in a distribut
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6 SUPPLYING GAS FROM BIOMASS TO THE
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In Europe only two kinds of natural
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Component or quality Unit Limit or
Page 63 and 64: The directive thus also provides po
Page 65 and 66: Figure 13: Maximum range of permitt
Page 67 and 68: Figure 16: Wobbe index for differen
Page 69 and 70: 6.2.5 Discrepancies between standar
Page 71 and 72: 6.2.7 Description of national or de
Page 73 and 74: Figure 17:Arrangement of the contro
Page 75 and 76: Measurement methodDetection tubes f
Page 77 and 78: Descriptioncalculation of propertie
Page 79 and 80: The possibility of adding off-spec
Page 81 and 82: Europe among countries relying on e
Page 83 and 84: 7.1.3 FinlandBiogas is mainly produ
Page 85 and 86: Figure 18: Distribution of capacity
Page 87 and 88: Calorific Availability Market price
Page 89 and 90: Many landfills are equipped with ga
Page 91 and 92: the type and volume of the respecti
Page 93 and 94: 7.2.4 FranceThere are currently no
Page 95 and 96: 7.2.7 SwedenBiogas as a fuel for ve
Page 97 and 98: Policy on renewable energyThe gener
Page 99 and 100: Danish energy policy is to contribu
Page 101 and 102: Carbon dioxide taxApplication€/to
Page 103 and 104: CHP FundThe CHP Fund is an incentiv
Page 105 and 106: Taxation and incentivesFeed-in tari
Page 107 and 108: Subsidies and fundingThere are seve
Page 109 and 110: Figure 20:Impact of the energy tax
Page 111 and 112: TargetsParallel with the target on
Page 113: Sweden has no actual program dedica
Page 117 and 118: 8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSCo
Page 119 and 120: 14 Upgrading Landfill Gas to Natura
Page 121 and 122: 46 ISO 15971: “Natural gas - Meas
Page 123 and 124: APPENDIX 1:DefinitionsBiogasBiomass
Page 125 and 126: fixed bed gasification: BIONEERProc
Page 127 and 128: Final cooling is accomplished by me
Page 129 and 130: used for direct drying applications
Page 131 and 132: fluidised bed gasification:EISENMAN
Page 133 and 134: fluidised bed gasification:SELTECpr
Page 135 and 136: The Battelle biomass gasification p
Page 137 and 138: Primary heat exchangerThe primary h
Page 139 and 140: active coal filter and cooled. The
Page 141 and 142: • Kärnten (Austria)pyrolysis:Pro
Page 143 and 144: Quality Value UnitComponents• Car
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Adding gas from biomass to the gas grid - SGC

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