Adding gas from biomass to the gas grid - SGC

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9 REFERENCES1 European Commission: Energy for the future: Renewable sources of energy - White Paperfor a community Strategy and Action Plan, COM (97) 599 final, Brussels 1997.2 D.O. Hall, J.I. House: Biomass energy development and carbon dioxide mitigation options,Division of Life Sciences, King's College, Londen.3 J. Badin, J. Kirschner, R. McGuckin (1999): Biomass Energy - A fuel switching strategy toreduce net carbon emissions and enhance asset utilisation, ID#99/58, United BioEnergyCommercialisation Association.4 D.L. Klass (1999): An introduction to biomass energy research - a renewable resource,Biomass Energy Research Association.5 Infocentrum duurzame energie (1999): Kerngegevens bio-energie in Nederland 1999,Informatiecentrum Duurzame Energie.6 EC (1996): Green Paper: Renewable sources of energy, publication COM(96) 576 final.7 IGU (1999), Gasification: tomorrow's energy plants in a carbon-constrained world.8 Polman E.A., Rens A.M. van: Inventarisatie van gasvormige energiedragers in Europa,GAVE rapport 9903, NOVEM, Utrecht, 1999.9 Myken, A.N.: Known technologies for biogas upgrading (Danish version). Danish GasTechnology Centre a/s. Hoersholm, June 1994.10 Lindboe, H.H. et al.: Progress Report on the Economy of Centralised Biogas Plants. DanishEnergy Agency. Copenhagen, February 1995.11 Danish Bioenergy (Danish version). Special edition on biogas, June 1999.12 Larsen, L.M., Jensen-Holm, C.: Gasrensning – Totalrensning af biogas. DanmarksIngeniørakademi. Lyngby, July 1987.13 Wellinger, A., Lindberg, A.: Biogas upgrading and utilisation. IEA Bioenergy, Task 24:Energy from biological conversion of organic waste.page: 117
14 Upgrading Landfill Gas to Natural Gas Quality in the Netherlands. CADDET, renewableenergy. Technical brochure No. 32. CADDET, Harwell, UK.15 Hagen, M.H., Wever, J.: Gas at Distribution Quality from Pig Manure Biogas. Gastec.Apeldoorn, April 1994.16 Sirkar, K.K. et al.: Liquid membrane purification of biogas. The New York State EnergyResearch and Development Authority. March 1991.17 Eriksen, K., Jensby, T., Norddahl, B.: The upgrading of biogas to be distributed through thenatural gas network – environmental benefits, technology and economy. 1998 InternationalGas Reseach Conference. San Diego, 8-11 November 1998.18 Walsh, J.L. et al.: Handbook on biogas utilisation. Environment, Health and Safety Division,Georgia Tech Research Institute. Atlanta, February 1988.19 Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Sixth Edition, 1999 (electronic release).20 Middelkoop B. van, Nisselrooy P. van: Methaniseringsinstallatie, Gastec,1999 (confidential).21 Laat J.C. de, Stokman J.: Energie uit synthese gas, Gastec 1999.22 DVGW: Arbeitsblatt G 260 - Gasbeschaffenheit. , DVGW, Bonn, 2000.23 DVGW: Arbeitsblatt G 261 - Prüfung der Gasbeschaffenheit. ZfGW-Verlag, Frankfurt, 1985.24 DVGW: Arbeitsblatt G 262 - Nutzung von Deponie-, Klär und Biobassen, ZfGW-Verlag,Frankfurt, 199125 ISO 13868 Natural gas - Quality designation.26 ISO 13443 Natural gas - Standard reference conditions27 ISO 15403 Natural gas - Designation of the quality of natural gas for use as a compressedfuel for vehicles28 IGU: Variable Gas Quality in Domestic and Commercial use. 21 World Gas Conference,Nice, 2000.page: 118
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Report SGC 118Adding gas from bioma
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CONTENTS1 INTRODUCTION 32 IMPORTANC
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2 IMPORTANCE OF ADDING GAS FROM BIO
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Incentives by eco-labelingBy adding
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is mixed with coal in a combustor p
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Comparing efficiency data is a diff
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Figure 1: Energy flow diagram and i
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The product revenues are the most u
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3.1.2 Survey of technologiesThis pa
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3.1.3 Table of biogas compositionsD
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Aspect Unit ValueManure M 3 /day 6B
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Technologies for syngas upgradingTh
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CompositionProcesscalorific value M
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4 PIPELINE QUALITY GAS FROM BIOGAS4
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Removal of hydrogen sulphide with m
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Parameter Unit Process Plant exampl
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Parameter Unit Process valueCapacit
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600.9500.840Wobbe index [MJ/m 3 n]R
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Figure 4 illustrates reported inves
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4.3.4 Upgrading by absorption of ca
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Removal of carbon dioxide by water
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Selexol from the flash tank is depr
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poisonous and aggressive liquid wit
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Parameter Unit ProcessCapacity rang
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gas system is maintained by a contr
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In the gasification process the fir
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A catalytic process requires a feed
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In all countries gas in a distribut
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6 SUPPLYING GAS FROM BIOMASS TO THE
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In Europe only two kinds of natural
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Component or quality Unit Limit or
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The directive thus also provides po
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Figure 13: Maximum range of permitt
Page 67 and 68: Figure 16: Wobbe index for differen
Page 69 and 70: 6.2.5 Discrepancies between standar
Page 71 and 72: 6.2.7 Description of national or de
Page 73 and 74: Figure 17:Arrangement of the contro
Page 75 and 76: Measurement methodDetection tubes f
Page 77 and 78: Descriptioncalculation of propertie
Page 79 and 80: The possibility of adding off-spec
Page 81 and 82: Europe among countries relying on e
Page 83 and 84: 7.1.3 FinlandBiogas is mainly produ
Page 85 and 86: Figure 18: Distribution of capacity
Page 87 and 88: Calorific Availability Market price
Page 89 and 90: Many landfills are equipped with ga
Page 91 and 92: the type and volume of the respecti
Page 93 and 94: 7.2.4 FranceThere are currently no
Page 95 and 96: 7.2.7 SwedenBiogas as a fuel for ve
Page 97 and 98: Policy on renewable energyThe gener
Page 99 and 100: Danish energy policy is to contribu
Page 101 and 102: Carbon dioxide taxApplication€/to
Page 103 and 104: CHP FundThe CHP Fund is an incentiv
Page 105 and 106: Taxation and incentivesFeed-in tari
Page 107 and 108: Subsidies and fundingThere are seve
Page 109 and 110: Figure 20:Impact of the energy tax
Page 111 and 112: TargetsParallel with the target on
Page 113 and 114: Sweden has no actual program dedica
Page 115 and 116: Swedish energy taxesThe Swedish ene
Page 117: 8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSCo
Page 121 and 122: 46 ISO 15971: “Natural gas - Meas
Page 123 and 124: APPENDIX 1:DefinitionsBiogasBiomass
Page 125 and 126: fixed bed gasification: BIONEERProc
Page 127 and 128: Final cooling is accomplished by me
Page 129 and 130: used for direct drying applications
Page 131 and 132: fluidised bed gasification:EISENMAN
Page 133 and 134: fluidised bed gasification:SELTECpr
Page 135 and 136: The Battelle biomass gasification p
Page 137 and 138: Primary heat exchangerThe primary h
Page 139 and 140: active coal filter and cooled. The
Page 141 and 142: • Kärnten (Austria)pyrolysis:Pro
Page 143 and 144: Quality Value UnitComponents• Car
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