Adding gas from biomass to the gas grid - SGC

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Improving the energy efficiency in the utilisation of biomass in the fuel supply is a major asset toenlarge the contribution of biomass to the world sustainable energy supply. The efficiency data arerather scarce in literature but remarkably consistent. The gasification subsystem efficiency is up to95%. This efficiency is independent of the used feedstock or technology. The efficiency of theconversion subsystem for the power production is about 30% using single cycle generators, orabout 55% using combined cycle equipment.The efficiency of the conversion of gas from biomass to heat, or the conversion to heat and power isabout 80 - 90%.2.3 ECONOMICAL ASPECTSPotential economic profit is one of the most important drives and critical success factors to realisethe addition of gases from biomass to a gas grid. The most relevant perspective is that of the(potential) producer. At that position the economical reality demonstrates the impacts on the profits.The main items are:• cost biomass or organic waste (availability, quality, competing applications)• investment costs• operation and maintenance costs• product revenuesCost biomass and/or organic wasteBiomass for energy is by nature a scarce product. Cost of collection and transport limit the sourcearea by a distance of 30 - 50 km to the conversion plant. Within this area existing or new competingusers can readily result in rising biomass costs. Important competitors are for example the agroindustry, the production of building materials, and the producers of electricity. Organic wastes arereduced at the source or recycled in higher value applications. Experience learns that prices for thebiomass (or organic wastes) sharply rise when the plant operation starts.Investment costsBiomass conversion plant hardware investments are rather well-known. A full-scale commercialIGCC plant will typically cost 1000 €/kWe [lit.7]. Full-scale biogas treatment plants will cost typically500 €/kWg. The estimated cost for a biomass to pipeline quality gas plant will be 1200 €/kWg.Currently many governments give substantial subsidies for new biomass plants, often going up to50% of the investment costs.Operation and maintenance costsOperation and production costs are rather well predictable. From the IGU study [lit.7]. It can bederived that these yearly costs will be about 15% of the unsubsidised investment costs.Product revenuespage: 13
The product revenues are the most uncertain factor in the economic evaluation process. The lowerlimit is given by the prices for electricity from heavily subsidised coal and nuclear power stations(currently about 1 c€/kWh). The upper limit is given by the prices for green electricity (currentlyabout 10 c€/kWh). Prices for natural gas are at this moment more stable. On further implementationof the liberalised market also the prices of gases for the grid will show larger fluctuations.The producer cannot influence the product revenue and the feedstock cost, important factors for theeconomic viability of a plant. These uncertainties make it very troublesome to start a commercialplant for the production of gas from biomass for the gas grid.Värnamo (Sweden), a plant for biofuel-fired combined heat and power generation based onpressurized gasificationpage: 14
Page 1 and 2: Report SGC 118Adding gas from bioma
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS1 INTRODUCTION 32 IMPORTANC
Page 5 and 6: 2 IMPORTANCE OF ADDING GAS FROM BIO
Page 7 and 8: Incentives by eco-labelingBy adding
Page 9 and 10: is mixed with coal in a combustor p
Page 11 and 12: Comparing efficiency data is a diff
Page 13: Figure 1: Energy flow diagram and i
Page 17 and 18: 3.1.2 Survey of technologiesThis pa
Page 19 and 20: 3.1.3 Table of biogas compositionsD
Page 21 and 22: Aspect Unit ValueManure M 3 /day 6B
Page 23 and 24: Technologies for syngas upgradingTh
Page 25 and 26: CompositionProcesscalorific value M
Page 27 and 28: 4 PIPELINE QUALITY GAS FROM BIOGAS4
Page 29 and 30: Removal of hydrogen sulphide with m
Page 31 and 32: Parameter Unit Process Plant exampl
Page 33 and 34: Parameter Unit Process valueCapacit
Page 35 and 36: 600.9500.840Wobbe index [MJ/m 3 n]R
Page 37 and 38: Figure 4 illustrates reported inves
Page 39 and 40: 4.3.4 Upgrading by absorption of ca
Page 41 and 42: Removal of carbon dioxide by water
Page 43 and 44: Selexol from the flash tank is depr
Page 45 and 46: poisonous and aggressive liquid wit
Page 47 and 48: Parameter Unit ProcessCapacity rang
Page 49 and 50: gas system is maintained by a contr
Page 51 and 52: In the gasification process the fir
Page 53 and 54: A catalytic process requires a feed
Page 55 and 56: In all countries gas in a distribut
Page 57 and 58: 6 SUPPLYING GAS FROM BIOMASS TO THE
Page 59 and 60: In Europe only two kinds of natural
Page 61 and 62: Component or quality Unit Limit or
Page 63 and 64: The directive thus also provides po
Page 65 and 66:
Figure 13: Maximum range of permitt
Page 67 and 68:
Figure 16: Wobbe index for differen
Page 69 and 70:
6.2.5 Discrepancies between standar
Page 71 and 72:
6.2.7 Description of national or de
Page 73 and 74:
Figure 17:Arrangement of the contro
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Measurement methodDetection tubes f
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Descriptioncalculation of propertie
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The possibility of adding off-spec
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Europe among countries relying on e
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7.1.3 FinlandBiogas is mainly produ
Page 85 and 86:
Figure 18: Distribution of capacity
Page 87 and 88:
Calorific Availability Market price
Page 89 and 90:
Many landfills are equipped with ga
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the type and volume of the respecti
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7.2.4 FranceThere are currently no
Page 95 and 96:
7.2.7 SwedenBiogas as a fuel for ve
Page 97 and 98:
Policy on renewable energyThe gener
Page 99 and 100:
Danish energy policy is to contribu
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Carbon dioxide taxApplication€/to
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CHP FundThe CHP Fund is an incentiv
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Taxation and incentivesFeed-in tari
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Subsidies and fundingThere are seve
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 20:Impact of the energy tax
Page 111 and 112:
TargetsParallel with the target on
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Sweden has no actual program dedica
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Swedish energy taxesThe Swedish ene
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8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSCo
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14 Upgrading Landfill Gas to Natura
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46 ISO 15971: “Natural gas - Meas
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APPENDIX 1:DefinitionsBiogasBiomass
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fixed bed gasification: BIONEERProc
Page 127 and 128:
Final cooling is accomplished by me
Page 129 and 130:
used for direct drying applications
Page 131 and 132:
fluidised bed gasification:EISENMAN
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fluidised bed gasification:SELTECpr
Page 135 and 136:
The Battelle biomass gasification p
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Primary heat exchangerThe primary h
Page 139 and 140:
active coal filter and cooled. The
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• Kärnten (Austria)pyrolysis:Pro
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Quality Value UnitComponents• Car
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Adding gas from biomass to the gas grid - SGC

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