Adding gas from biomass to the gas grid - SGC

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• trading company (tradco)• arranges the delivery of gas to the end-user• receives payments from the end-user• pays taxes to the government• pays the producer, transco and disco• end-user• receives gas from the disco (or transco, or producer)• pays the tradco• distribution company (disco)• arranges the delivery of gas to the end-user• receives gas from the transco• delivers gas to the end-user• transport company (transco)• is paid by the tradco• receives gas from the producer (or other transco, or disco)• producer• is paid by the tradco• delivers gas to the transco (or disco, or end-user)• government taxes the end-user via the tradco for:• BTW (VAT)• Regulerende emergiebelasting (ecotax)• Brandstoffenbelasting (fuel tax)Figure 21: Schematic representation liberalised gas market in the Netherlandspage: 109
TargetsParallel with the target on sustainable energy a target on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions isformulated. The emission of greenhouse gases has to be reduced by 6% in 2012 latest compared tothe 1990 level. In the Netherlands situation this also means a reduction of the carbon dioxideemissions by 6%.The government follows three lines in forcing the development in the desired direction:• incentives for research and development,• tax regulation which favours sustainable energy over fossil energy and• ‘Voluntary’ agreements with energy companies and end-users on reduction of the energyconsumption.In 1999 the government proposed the ‘Gaswet’ (law on gas) including the possibility for thegovernment to force the use of sustainably produced gas. Introducing green certificatesrepresenting an amount of green energy will do the enforcement. The government will bill energycompanies that do not have enough certificates.The progress report ‘Duurzame energie in uitvoering, Voortgangsrapportage 1999’ gives the mostrecent update on sustainable energy policy in the Netherlands. This report pays also attention to thelimited availability of biomass in the Netherlands. Already at this moment nearly all domesticsources of biomass and organic wastes are utilised for energy generation.Activities by energy companiesAll main energy companies in the Netherlands, ESSENT, NUON and ENECO, apply, or are going toapply, biomass or organic waste gasification in their energy supply. In most cases the produced gasis converted to green electricity.Notwithstanding the positive experience with adding gas from biomass and waste to the gas gridelectrification is the most used technology. Incentives to do this are the higher price of energy soldas electricity compared to natural gas and the low investment and easy management for thegenerators. An important aspect is that the generator can be moved at low cost from a depletedlandfill to a new landfill or any other application.Some large IGCC biomass projects are planned, but the low availability of biomass is a seriousproblem. There is an overcapacity of AVI’s (Afval Verwerkings Installaties: Installations to burnmunicipal and industrial waste) taking nearly all biomass and organic waste from the market.The energy efficiency of the AVI is low (about 35%) but the organic material is also nearlyindispensable in the combustion of the municipal waste.Prospectspage: 110
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Report SGC 118Adding gas from bioma
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CONTENTS1 INTRODUCTION 32 IMPORTANC
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2 IMPORTANCE OF ADDING GAS FROM BIO
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Incentives by eco-labelingBy adding
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is mixed with coal in a combustor p
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Comparing efficiency data is a diff
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Figure 1: Energy flow diagram and i
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The product revenues are the most u
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3.1.2 Survey of technologiesThis pa
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3.1.3 Table of biogas compositionsD
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Aspect Unit ValueManure M 3 /day 6B
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Technologies for syngas upgradingTh
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CompositionProcesscalorific value M
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4 PIPELINE QUALITY GAS FROM BIOGAS4
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Removal of hydrogen sulphide with m
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Parameter Unit Process Plant exampl
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Parameter Unit Process valueCapacit
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600.9500.840Wobbe index [MJ/m 3 n]R
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Figure 4 illustrates reported inves
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4.3.4 Upgrading by absorption of ca
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Removal of carbon dioxide by water
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Selexol from the flash tank is depr
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poisonous and aggressive liquid wit
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Parameter Unit ProcessCapacity rang
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gas system is maintained by a contr
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In the gasification process the fir
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A catalytic process requires a feed
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In all countries gas in a distribut
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6 SUPPLYING GAS FROM BIOMASS TO THE
Page 59 and 60: In Europe only two kinds of natural
Page 61 and 62: Component or quality Unit Limit or
Page 63 and 64: The directive thus also provides po
Page 65 and 66: Figure 13: Maximum range of permitt
Page 67 and 68: Figure 16: Wobbe index for differen
Page 69 and 70: 6.2.5 Discrepancies between standar
Page 71 and 72: 6.2.7 Description of national or de
Page 73 and 74: Figure 17:Arrangement of the contro
Page 75 and 76: Measurement methodDetection tubes f
Page 77 and 78: Descriptioncalculation of propertie
Page 79 and 80: The possibility of adding off-spec
Page 81 and 82: Europe among countries relying on e
Page 83 and 84: 7.1.3 FinlandBiogas is mainly produ
Page 85 and 86: Figure 18: Distribution of capacity
Page 87 and 88: Calorific Availability Market price
Page 89 and 90: Many landfills are equipped with ga
Page 91 and 92: the type and volume of the respecti
Page 93 and 94: 7.2.4 FranceThere are currently no
Page 95 and 96: 7.2.7 SwedenBiogas as a fuel for ve
Page 97 and 98: Policy on renewable energyThe gener
Page 99 and 100: Danish energy policy is to contribu
Page 101 and 102: Carbon dioxide taxApplication€/to
Page 103 and 104: CHP FundThe CHP Fund is an incentiv
Page 105 and 106: Taxation and incentivesFeed-in tari
Page 107 and 108: Subsidies and fundingThere are seve
Page 109: Figure 20:Impact of the energy tax
Page 113 and 114: Sweden has no actual program dedica
Page 115 and 116: Swedish energy taxesThe Swedish ene
Page 117 and 118: 8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSCo
Page 119 and 120: 14 Upgrading Landfill Gas to Natura
Page 121 and 122: 46 ISO 15971: “Natural gas - Meas
Page 123 and 124: APPENDIX 1:DefinitionsBiogasBiomass
Page 125 and 126: fixed bed gasification: BIONEERProc
Page 127 and 128: Final cooling is accomplished by me
Page 129 and 130: used for direct drying applications
Page 131 and 132: fluidised bed gasification:EISENMAN
Page 133 and 134: fluidised bed gasification:SELTECpr
Page 135 and 136: The Battelle biomass gasification p
Page 137 and 138: Primary heat exchangerThe primary h
Page 139 and 140: active coal filter and cooled. The
Page 141 and 142: • Kärnten (Austria)pyrolysis:Pro
Page 143 and 144: Quality Value UnitComponents• Car
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