Adding gas from biomass to the gas grid - SGC

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Parameter Unit Process Plant exampleLocation/nameLaholmCapacity range M 3 biogas/h 100 to > 10,000 250Input· methane%45 - 7569 - 72· carbon dioxide %25 - 5528 - 31· nitrogen%< 10 - 0.2· hydrogen sulphideppm< 10 10 0 - 15Output· methane· carbon dioxide· air· dewpoint· hydrogen sulphideProcess conditionsAbsorption pressureAbsorption temperaturePressure in flash tankDesorption pressureSelexol flowSupplier%%%°CppmBar°Cbarmbar (abs)m 3 /h> 98< 2< 1.5< -20095 - 982 - 50 - 0.5< -60010 - 127 - 920 - 3572 - 51.5 - 2atmospheric to 2009503 - 6 11 10 - 15Malmberg Water ABTable 15: Removal of carbon dioxide using Selexol4.3.5 Removal of carbon dioxide by chemical reactionThis process is based on the same principle as the absorption processes without chemical reaction,see § 4.3.4. The raw gas is led through a liquid, typically at elevated pressure and temperature, andthe undesired components (e.g. CO 2 , H 2 S) are absorbed in the liquid. However, instead of simplydissolving these components, the liquid reacts chemically with them and therefore drives them intosolution.Due to absorber costs and the disposal of contaminated absorber, the absorber is alwaysregenerated, i.e. single pass operation know, from water scrubbers are not applied. The process iscontinuous and the absorber is regenerated in a reversal chemical reaction in which the absorbedCO 2 is released.Table 15 illustrates the characteristics of a number of gas treatment processes with absorption inchemically reacting absorbers. The alkanolamines MEA, DEA and DGA are examples of absorbers.Several of the alkanolamines also absorb a significant amount of the water contained in the biogas.MEA, that is an organic base in an aqueous solution, is one of the most feasible chemicalabsorbers. MEA is often used in gas separation processes in e.g. CO 2 production from flue gases,cleaning of natural gases, and production of hydrogen and ammonia. It is a colourless, viscous,1011Excess H 2S (> 10 ppm) removed separately to reduce energy costsDepending on the absorption pressure, for every 100 m 3 /h processed biogaspage: 43
poisonous and aggressive liquid with a boiling temperature of 170 °C and a weak smell of ammonia.The MEA process does not remove water, halogenated carbon hydrates or ammonia.The methane yield and methane purity in the upgraded gas are both close to 100%. Chemicalabsorption is more cost competitive for larger plants than for smaller.Process name/AbsorbentOperatingtemperatureOperatingpressure°C BarMethod ofRegenerationStrong and weakassetsAmine-guardMono-ethanol-amine(MEA)SNPA-DEADiethanolamine(DEA)EconamineHydroxyaminoethylesterBenfieldPotassium carbonateCatacarbPotassium carbonateplus amine borate50 High ReboilingLow pressure50 > 34 HeatingLow pressureup to 50 > 34 HeatingLow pressurestrong: High efficiency,moderate solvent costweak: High capital cost,corrosive inhibitors,toxic, foaming agentsneededstrong: High efficiencynoncorrosive &nonfoamingweak: High capital andsolvent costsstrong: Moderatecapital and operatingcostsweak: High solventcost,corrosion inhibitorsneeded115 7 - 138 Steamstrong: Low solventcost, high efficiencyweak: High capital cost,corrosion inhibitorsneededFoaming agentsneeded15 - 230 7 - 69 Steamstrong: Low solventcost, high efficiency,non toxic additivesweak: High capital cost,corrosion inhibitors &Foaming agentsneededTable 16: Characteristics of gas treatment processes with absorption in chemically reactingabsorbers. None of these processes removes mercaptans [lit.18].page: 44
Page 1 and 2: Report SGC 118Adding gas from bioma
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS1 INTRODUCTION 32 IMPORTANC
Page 5 and 6: 2 IMPORTANCE OF ADDING GAS FROM BIO
Page 7 and 8: Incentives by eco-labelingBy adding
Page 9 and 10: is mixed with coal in a combustor p
Page 11 and 12: Comparing efficiency data is a diff
Page 13 and 14: Figure 1: Energy flow diagram and i
Page 15 and 16: The product revenues are the most u
Page 17 and 18: 3.1.2 Survey of technologiesThis pa
Page 19 and 20: 3.1.3 Table of biogas compositionsD
Page 21 and 22: Aspect Unit ValueManure M 3 /day 6B
Page 23 and 24: Technologies for syngas upgradingTh
Page 25 and 26: CompositionProcesscalorific value M
Page 27 and 28: 4 PIPELINE QUALITY GAS FROM BIOGAS4
Page 29 and 30: Removal of hydrogen sulphide with m
Page 31 and 32: Parameter Unit Process Plant exampl
Page 33 and 34: Parameter Unit Process valueCapacit
Page 35 and 36: 600.9500.840Wobbe index [MJ/m 3 n]R
Page 37 and 38: Figure 4 illustrates reported inves
Page 39 and 40: 4.3.4 Upgrading by absorption of ca
Page 41 and 42: Removal of carbon dioxide by water
Page 43: Selexol from the flash tank is depr
Page 47 and 48: Parameter Unit ProcessCapacity rang
Page 49 and 50: gas system is maintained by a contr
Page 51 and 52: In the gasification process the fir
Page 53 and 54: A catalytic process requires a feed
Page 55 and 56: In all countries gas in a distribut
Page 57 and 58: 6 SUPPLYING GAS FROM BIOMASS TO THE
Page 59 and 60: In Europe only two kinds of natural
Page 61 and 62: Component or quality Unit Limit or
Page 63 and 64: The directive thus also provides po
Page 65 and 66: Figure 13: Maximum range of permitt
Page 67 and 68: Figure 16: Wobbe index for differen
Page 69 and 70: 6.2.5 Discrepancies between standar
Page 71 and 72: 6.2.7 Description of national or de
Page 73 and 74: Figure 17:Arrangement of the contro
Page 75 and 76: Measurement methodDetection tubes f
Page 77 and 78: Descriptioncalculation of propertie
Page 79 and 80: The possibility of adding off-spec
Page 81 and 82: Europe among countries relying on e
Page 83 and 84: 7.1.3 FinlandBiogas is mainly produ
Page 85 and 86: Figure 18: Distribution of capacity
Page 87 and 88: Calorific Availability Market price
Page 89 and 90: Many landfills are equipped with ga
Page 91 and 92: the type and volume of the respecti
Page 93 and 94: 7.2.4 FranceThere are currently no
Page 95 and 96:
7.2.7 SwedenBiogas as a fuel for ve
Page 97 and 98:
Policy on renewable energyThe gener
Page 99 and 100:
Danish energy policy is to contribu
Page 101 and 102:
Carbon dioxide taxApplication€/to
Page 103 and 104:
CHP FundThe CHP Fund is an incentiv
Page 105 and 106:
Taxation and incentivesFeed-in tari
Page 107 and 108:
Subsidies and fundingThere are seve
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 20:Impact of the energy tax
Page 111 and 112:
TargetsParallel with the target on
Page 113 and 114:
Sweden has no actual program dedica
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Swedish energy taxesThe Swedish ene
Page 117 and 118:
8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSCo
Page 119 and 120:
14 Upgrading Landfill Gas to Natura
Page 121 and 122:
46 ISO 15971: “Natural gas - Meas
Page 123 and 124:
APPENDIX 1:DefinitionsBiogasBiomass
Page 125 and 126:
fixed bed gasification: BIONEERProc
Page 127 and 128:
Final cooling is accomplished by me
Page 129 and 130:
used for direct drying applications
Page 131 and 132:
fluidised bed gasification:EISENMAN
Page 133 and 134:
fluidised bed gasification:SELTECpr
Page 135 and 136:
The Battelle biomass gasification p
Page 137 and 138:
Primary heat exchangerThe primary h
Page 139 and 140:
active coal filter and cooled. The
Page 141 and 142:
• Kärnten (Austria)pyrolysis:Pro
Page 143 and 144:
Quality Value UnitComponents• Car
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Adding gas from biomass to the gas grid - SGC

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