Adding gas from biomass to the gas grid - SGC

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Removal of water by adsorptionAdsorption drying means that water is adsorbed on the surface of a drying agent. This can be silicagel, aluminium oxide or magnesium oxide for example. The drying agent is packed in containersand the moist gas is distributed in the drying bed. Normally an adsorption drier has two containersthat are switched. One is drying and the other is being regenerated.Regeneration can be performed in two different ways. If the drying is performed at elevatedpressure a minor amount (3 - 8%) of the dried gas can be depressurised and used for regeneration.This gas is then recycled to the compressor inlet which means that the net capacity of thecompressor is lowered. If drying is performed at atmospheric pressure the regeneration isperformed with air and a vacuum pump. This method has the disadvantage of mixing air into thegas and is therefore not well suited for the drying of biogas.Parameter Unit Process Plant examplesLocation/name Kristianstad EllingeCapacity range m 3 biogas/h 100 to 10,000kg/h1 - 1.5 1 - 1.5Input· dewpoint °C - 20 to saturated satured at 10 – 20 satured at 10 - 20Output· dewpoint °C - 30 to – 70 -45 to –60 -30 to -60Process conditions· temperature· pressure°CbarAmbientambient - 260Ambient8 – 10Ambient7 - 10Supplier Malmberg Water AB EllingeTable 10: Removal of water by adsorptionRemoval of water by absorptionWater can be absorbed with e.g. glycol, triethylene glycol or hygroscopic salts. There are manytypes of salt with different absorption properties. Normally the drier consists of an absorption vesselfilled with salt granules. The wet gas is fed from the bottom and the salt is dissolved as it absorbswater. The saturated salt solution is withdrawn with a valve from the bottom of the vessel. The saltis not regenerated and new salt granules have to be added to replace the dissolved salt.The dewpoint lowering for commercial driers is typically in the interval 10 to 15 °C depending on thesalt.page: 31
Parameter Unit Process valueCapacity range m 3 biogas/h 0 - 1000InputGas saturated with water at ambienttemperatureOutput· dewpoint °C 10 - 15 below ambient temperatureProcess conditions· pressure· temperatureSupplierBar°CTable 11: Removal of water by absorptionambientambientVan Air Inc.4.2.3 Removal of other contaminantsSeveral trace components other than hydrogen and water might be present in the biogas inquantities that call for cleaning in order to obtain pipeline quality gas. Cleaning processes for someof these substances are well established in the biogas sector, since they must also be removedprior to utilisation in e.g. engines and boilers. Pipeline gas quality specifications are in general,however, much more stringent than the limits for these purposes. The presence and amount ofundesired trace components is highly dependent on the raw material for the biogas production andthe production process. Below are the most relevant substances to consider described together withavailable cleaning technologies [lit.12,13,14].ParticlesParticles are common in biogas and must be removed in filters in order to obtain pipeline gasquality.Halogenated hydrocarbonsHalogenated hydrocarbons, particularly chloro- and fluoro-compounds, are predominantly found inlandfill gas and can cause corrosion. They can be removed with impregnated activated carbon. Inthis process small molecules like methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and oxygen pass through, whilelarger molecules are adsorbed.Regeneration is carried out by heating the activated carbon to 200 °C.AmmoniaIn industrial large-scale cleaning processes, ammonia is often removed from the gas by a washingprocess with diluted nitric or sulfuric acid. However, the use of such acids requires equipmentconstructed in stainless steel which can be expensive for small-scale applications as biogascleaning. Ammonia can be removed with activated charcoal units and can also be removed in someupgrading processes, for example adsorption processes and water scrubbing.page: 32
Page 1 and 2: Report SGC 118Adding gas from bioma
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS1 INTRODUCTION 32 IMPORTANC
Page 5 and 6: 2 IMPORTANCE OF ADDING GAS FROM BIO
Page 7 and 8: Incentives by eco-labelingBy adding
Page 9 and 10: is mixed with coal in a combustor p
Page 11 and 12: Comparing efficiency data is a diff
Page 13 and 14: Figure 1: Energy flow diagram and i
Page 15 and 16: The product revenues are the most u
Page 17 and 18: 3.1.2 Survey of technologiesThis pa
Page 19 and 20: 3.1.3 Table of biogas compositionsD
Page 21 and 22: Aspect Unit ValueManure M 3 /day 6B
Page 23 and 24: Technologies for syngas upgradingTh
Page 25 and 26: CompositionProcesscalorific value M
Page 27 and 28: 4 PIPELINE QUALITY GAS FROM BIOGAS4
Page 29 and 30: Removal of hydrogen sulphide with m
Page 31: Parameter Unit Process Plant exampl
Page 35 and 36: 600.9500.840Wobbe index [MJ/m 3 n]R
Page 37 and 38: Figure 4 illustrates reported inves
Page 39 and 40: 4.3.4 Upgrading by absorption of ca
Page 41 and 42: Removal of carbon dioxide by water
Page 43 and 44: Selexol from the flash tank is depr
Page 45 and 46: poisonous and aggressive liquid wit
Page 47 and 48: Parameter Unit ProcessCapacity rang
Page 49 and 50: gas system is maintained by a contr
Page 51 and 52: In the gasification process the fir
Page 53 and 54: A catalytic process requires a feed
Page 55 and 56: In all countries gas in a distribut
Page 57 and 58: 6 SUPPLYING GAS FROM BIOMASS TO THE
Page 59 and 60: In Europe only two kinds of natural
Page 61 and 62: Component or quality Unit Limit or
Page 63 and 64: The directive thus also provides po
Page 65 and 66: Figure 13: Maximum range of permitt
Page 67 and 68: Figure 16: Wobbe index for differen
Page 69 and 70: 6.2.5 Discrepancies between standar
Page 71 and 72: 6.2.7 Description of national or de
Page 73 and 74: Figure 17:Arrangement of the contro
Page 75 and 76: Measurement methodDetection tubes f
Page 77 and 78: Descriptioncalculation of propertie
Page 79 and 80: The possibility of adding off-spec
Page 81 and 82: Europe among countries relying on e
Page 83 and 84:
7.1.3 FinlandBiogas is mainly produ
Page 85 and 86:
Figure 18: Distribution of capacity
Page 87 and 88:
Calorific Availability Market price
Page 89 and 90:
Many landfills are equipped with ga
Page 91 and 92:
the type and volume of the respecti
Page 93 and 94:
7.2.4 FranceThere are currently no
Page 95 and 96:
7.2.7 SwedenBiogas as a fuel for ve
Page 97 and 98:
Policy on renewable energyThe gener
Page 99 and 100:
Danish energy policy is to contribu
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Carbon dioxide taxApplication€/to
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CHP FundThe CHP Fund is an incentiv
Page 105 and 106:
Taxation and incentivesFeed-in tari
Page 107 and 108:
Subsidies and fundingThere are seve
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 20:Impact of the energy tax
Page 111 and 112:
TargetsParallel with the target on
Page 113 and 114:
Sweden has no actual program dedica
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Swedish energy taxesThe Swedish ene
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8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSCo
Page 119 and 120:
14 Upgrading Landfill Gas to Natura
Page 121 and 122:
46 ISO 15971: “Natural gas - Meas
Page 123 and 124:
APPENDIX 1:DefinitionsBiogasBiomass
Page 125 and 126:
fixed bed gasification: BIONEERProc
Page 127 and 128:
Final cooling is accomplished by me
Page 129 and 130:
used for direct drying applications
Page 131 and 132:
fluidised bed gasification:EISENMAN
Page 133 and 134:
fluidised bed gasification:SELTECpr
Page 135 and 136:
The Battelle biomass gasification p
Page 137 and 138:
Primary heat exchangerThe primary h
Page 139 and 140:
active coal filter and cooled. The
Page 141 and 142:
• Kärnten (Austria)pyrolysis:Pro
Page 143 and 144:
Quality Value UnitComponents• Car
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Adding gas from biomass to the gas grid - SGC

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