Adding gas from biomass to the gas grid - SGC

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Measuring methodContinuous Wobbe indexmeasurementContinuous calorific valueMeasurementContinuous relative densitymeasurementIR analysis: composition,calorific value, density andmethane numberCalculation from compositionGC analysis: composition,calorific value, density andmethane numberCalculation from compositionUnit TypicalaccuracyRemarksMJ/m 3 0.4% On-line Wobbe meters arebecoming obsolete. Some low costmeasuring systems use Wobbemeters.Combined with on-line densitymeasurement they provide calorificvalues.MJ/m 3 0.4% On-line calorific value measurementequipment is becoming obsolete.Some large transport pipelines arestill metered by direct recordingcalorimeters.- 0.4% On-line density meters are availableand quite versatile.mol% 2% relative Typical components measured:onmethane, carbon monoxide, andcomposition carbon dioxide.mol%1% relativeoncompositionOxygen mol% 10% relativeoncompositionNot measured by IR analysis:hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygenFrequent but discontinuouscompositional measurementsIn some processes oxygenmeasurements are essential for theprocess control.Water dewpoint °C +/- 2 °C Accuracy only essential nearcontract limit (typical - 8 °C at 4 bar)values.Table 29: On-line measurements applied in the process and quality control of gases obtained frombiomassSpot checksOther quality parameters are controlled by spot checks in a frequency depending on the expectedvariations in the feedstock and the design of the conversion installation.page: 73
Measurement methodDetection tubes for hydrogensulphide, mercaptans, ammonia,halogenated hydrocarbonSulphurous componentsGC analysisHalogen containing componentsGC analysisSiloxanesGC MSD analysisOdorosity.OrgananolepticUnit TypicalaccuracyRemarksmg/m 3 50% Detection tubes can be appliedfor the semi quantitativemeasurementmg/m 3 25% Detailed information at start upand in case of problemsmg/m 3 50% Detailed information at start upand in case of problemsnone qualitative Incidental in case of complaintsnone acceptable /not acceptableIncidental measurement incompletion to an adequateodorisation systemTable 30: Measurement methods for spot checksThe spot checks are mainly performed on components to be removed by a long lasting sorptionmass or catalyst bed. With detection tubes it is detected whether the sorption mass or catalyst bedis still active or not. GC analyses are performed to gain detailed information at start-up or at lastingproblems in the process.6.3.3 Energy measurement for billing purposesThree methodologies are used to obtain the comptable data on the energy flow for billing purposes:• Volume measurement in combined with fixed data on energy content of the gas.This is the method used at small gas flows. There is a fixed price for a volume of gas during thewhole payment period.• Volume measurement in combination with data on averaged energy values.This method is applied at larger gas flows with small fluctuations in the calorific value of the gas.• Volume measurement in combination with on-line measured energy values.This method is also applied at larger gas flows. Most gas production sites measure the maincomposition on-line, and thereby know the actual calorific value.Volume measurementTurbine gas meters (up to about 1000 m 3 /hour) perform most gas volume measurements. At largerflows accuracy becomes more important. On-line applying electronic pressure and temperaturesensors and an on-line data processor (above about 1000 m 3 /hour) perform corrections for pressureand temperature.At still larger flows and higher pressures also a correction for the compressibility is performed. Thiscompressibility is calculated from the expected gas composition. In most situations the additionalpage: 74
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Report SGC 118Adding gas from bioma
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CONTENTS1 INTRODUCTION 32 IMPORTANC
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2 IMPORTANCE OF ADDING GAS FROM BIO
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Incentives by eco-labelingBy adding
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is mixed with coal in a combustor p
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Comparing efficiency data is a diff
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Figure 1: Energy flow diagram and i
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The product revenues are the most u
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3.1.2 Survey of technologiesThis pa
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3.1.3 Table of biogas compositionsD
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Aspect Unit ValueManure M 3 /day 6B
Page 23 and 24: Technologies for syngas upgradingTh
Page 25 and 26: CompositionProcesscalorific value M
Page 27 and 28: 4 PIPELINE QUALITY GAS FROM BIOGAS4
Page 29 and 30: Removal of hydrogen sulphide with m
Page 31 and 32: Parameter Unit Process Plant exampl
Page 33 and 34: Parameter Unit Process valueCapacit
Page 35 and 36: 600.9500.840Wobbe index [MJ/m 3 n]R
Page 37 and 38: Figure 4 illustrates reported inves
Page 39 and 40: 4.3.4 Upgrading by absorption of ca
Page 41 and 42: Removal of carbon dioxide by water
Page 43 and 44: Selexol from the flash tank is depr
Page 45 and 46: poisonous and aggressive liquid wit
Page 47 and 48: Parameter Unit ProcessCapacity rang
Page 49 and 50: gas system is maintained by a contr
Page 51 and 52: In the gasification process the fir
Page 53 and 54: A catalytic process requires a feed
Page 55 and 56: In all countries gas in a distribut
Page 57 and 58: 6 SUPPLYING GAS FROM BIOMASS TO THE
Page 59 and 60: In Europe only two kinds of natural
Page 61 and 62: Component or quality Unit Limit or
Page 63 and 64: The directive thus also provides po
Page 65 and 66: Figure 13: Maximum range of permitt
Page 67 and 68: Figure 16: Wobbe index for differen
Page 69 and 70: 6.2.5 Discrepancies between standar
Page 71 and 72: 6.2.7 Description of national or de
Page 73: Figure 17:Arrangement of the contro
Page 77 and 78: Descriptioncalculation of propertie
Page 79 and 80: The possibility of adding off-spec
Page 81 and 82: Europe among countries relying on e
Page 83 and 84: 7.1.3 FinlandBiogas is mainly produ
Page 85 and 86: Figure 18: Distribution of capacity
Page 87 and 88: Calorific Availability Market price
Page 89 and 90: Many landfills are equipped with ga
Page 91 and 92: the type and volume of the respecti
Page 93 and 94: 7.2.4 FranceThere are currently no
Page 95 and 96: 7.2.7 SwedenBiogas as a fuel for ve
Page 97 and 98: Policy on renewable energyThe gener
Page 99 and 100: Danish energy policy is to contribu
Page 101 and 102: Carbon dioxide taxApplication€/to
Page 103 and 104: CHP FundThe CHP Fund is an incentiv
Page 105 and 106: Taxation and incentivesFeed-in tari
Page 107 and 108: Subsidies and fundingThere are seve
Page 109 and 110: Figure 20:Impact of the energy tax
Page 111 and 112: TargetsParallel with the target on
Page 113 and 114: Sweden has no actual program dedica
Page 115 and 116: Swedish energy taxesThe Swedish ene
Page 117 and 118: 8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSCo
Page 119 and 120: 14 Upgrading Landfill Gas to Natura
Page 121 and 122: 46 ISO 15971: “Natural gas - Meas
Page 123 and 124: APPENDIX 1:DefinitionsBiogasBiomass
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fixed bed gasification: BIONEERProc
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Final cooling is accomplished by me
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used for direct drying applications
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fluidised bed gasification:EISENMAN
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fluidised bed gasification:SELTECpr
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The Battelle biomass gasification p
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Primary heat exchangerThe primary h
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active coal filter and cooled. The
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• Kärnten (Austria)pyrolysis:Pro
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Quality Value UnitComponents• Car
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Adding gas from biomass to the gas grid - SGC

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