Adding gas from biomass to the gas grid - SGC

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ParameterUnitBiogas flow (raw gas) m 3 /h 400 1,600Production of upgraded gas 10 6 m 3 /year 1.98 7.91LPG consumption 1000160 640litre/yearLPG costs k€/year 36 145Investment, propane addition k€ 17 36Investment, propane storage k€ 23 45Total investment k€ 39 81Table 18:Estimated investments and LPG consumption for LPG addition plant combined withmembrane separation [lit.15]4.5 ADAPTION TO NON NATURAL GAS GRIDSIt is not always necessary to upgrade the biogas in order to distribute it on a grid. In Revninge (DK)and Gothenburg (S) biogases are adapted for use in grids separated from the natural gas.RevningeThe biogas plant at Revninge started operating in 1990, and supplies 67 households in Revninge.For back up or for adjustment of the gas quality a mixture of natural gas and air can also supply thesmall network which is isolated from the natural gas network. An evaluation of the domestic boilersin Revninge in 1994 showed some minor corrosion problems, but the concept is in generalpromising.Instead of biogas upgrading and supply of biogas to the natural gas network, the Revninge conceptcould be a model for smaller parts of the natural gas network. For safety reasons only minorvariations of the Wobbe index can be accepted when supplying households. For separate biogasnetworks backup supply from natural gas or propane/butane is recommended.GothenburgIn Gothenburg, Sweden, another solution has been chosen. Gothenburg has an old distributionsystem for town gas and a mixture of natural gas and air is now being distributed on this grid. Themixture is 47% natural gas and 53% air, resulting in a product with a Wobbe number similar to theold town gas that was manufactured from reforming of butane. The maximum load on this system isaround 3000 m 3 /h. Biogas in Gothenburg is produced in the local treatment plant for sewage waterand is presently being used for the combined production of heat and power in a number of gasengines at the water treatment plant. Part of the biogas is compressed, cooled and transferred tothe old town gas plant, where now the mixture of natural gas and air is introduced in the town gasgrid.The biogas system has a maximum capacity of 300 m 3 /h and the maximum amount of biogas that isintroduced into the grid is limited to 30%, a figure based on tests performed with different kind ofgas equipment presently used in the town gas system. Appropriate quality of the gas on the townpage: 47
gas system is maintained by a control system where first natural gas and air is mixed to a specifiedWobbe number and then the resulting mixture is blended with a biogas that has been adjusted to aspecified heating value. This procedure maintains a stable gas quality on the town gas system andthereby ascertains a safe and stable operation of the equipment connected to the grid.4.6 ODORISATIONThe gas in the distribution grid must be odorised in order to ensure that it will be detected in case ofgas leaks. If the upgraded gas is delivered to the grid close to the location where the natural gas isodorised, then this odorising can in principle be adjusted to take into account the increased volumeof gas originating from the upgrading plant. However, in general the upgraded gas must be odorisedbefore it is supplied to the grid.Typical compounds used for odorising are tetrahydrotiophen (THT) and mercaptans. Theconcentrations are in the range 5 - 30 mg/m 3 .VariableUnitBiogas flow (raw gas) M 3 /h 400 1600Unit for Pressure Swing Adsorption plant k€ 17 17Unit for membrane separation plant k€ 3 9Table 19: Estimated prices for odorising equipment for upgrading plants at different biogas flows[lit.15]Laholm (Sweden) plant interior and exterior, see page 27 and furtherpage: 48
Page 1 and 2: Report SGC 118Adding gas from bioma
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS1 INTRODUCTION 32 IMPORTANC
Page 5 and 6: 2 IMPORTANCE OF ADDING GAS FROM BIO
Page 7 and 8: Incentives by eco-labelingBy adding
Page 9 and 10: is mixed with coal in a combustor p
Page 11 and 12: Comparing efficiency data is a diff
Page 13 and 14: Figure 1: Energy flow diagram and i
Page 15 and 16: The product revenues are the most u
Page 17 and 18: 3.1.2 Survey of technologiesThis pa
Page 19 and 20: 3.1.3 Table of biogas compositionsD
Page 21 and 22: Aspect Unit ValueManure M 3 /day 6B
Page 23 and 24: Technologies for syngas upgradingTh
Page 25 and 26: CompositionProcesscalorific value M
Page 27 and 28: 4 PIPELINE QUALITY GAS FROM BIOGAS4
Page 29 and 30: Removal of hydrogen sulphide with m
Page 31 and 32: Parameter Unit Process Plant exampl
Page 33 and 34: Parameter Unit Process valueCapacit
Page 35 and 36: 600.9500.840Wobbe index [MJ/m 3 n]R
Page 37 and 38: Figure 4 illustrates reported inves
Page 39 and 40: 4.3.4 Upgrading by absorption of ca
Page 41 and 42: Removal of carbon dioxide by water
Page 43 and 44: Selexol from the flash tank is depr
Page 45 and 46: poisonous and aggressive liquid wit
Page 47: Parameter Unit ProcessCapacity rang
Page 51 and 52: In the gasification process the fir
Page 53 and 54: A catalytic process requires a feed
Page 55 and 56: In all countries gas in a distribut
Page 57 and 58: 6 SUPPLYING GAS FROM BIOMASS TO THE
Page 59 and 60: In Europe only two kinds of natural
Page 61 and 62: Component or quality Unit Limit or
Page 63 and 64: The directive thus also provides po
Page 65 and 66: Figure 13: Maximum range of permitt
Page 67 and 68: Figure 16: Wobbe index for differen
Page 69 and 70: 6.2.5 Discrepancies between standar
Page 71 and 72: 6.2.7 Description of national or de
Page 73 and 74: Figure 17:Arrangement of the contro
Page 75 and 76: Measurement methodDetection tubes f
Page 77 and 78: Descriptioncalculation of propertie
Page 79 and 80: The possibility of adding off-spec
Page 81 and 82: Europe among countries relying on e
Page 83 and 84: 7.1.3 FinlandBiogas is mainly produ
Page 85 and 86: Figure 18: Distribution of capacity
Page 87 and 88: Calorific Availability Market price
Page 89 and 90: Many landfills are equipped with ga
Page 91 and 92: the type and volume of the respecti
Page 93 and 94: 7.2.4 FranceThere are currently no
Page 95 and 96: 7.2.7 SwedenBiogas as a fuel for ve
Page 97 and 98: Policy on renewable energyThe gener
Page 99 and 100:
Danish energy policy is to contribu
Page 101 and 102:
Carbon dioxide taxApplication€/to
Page 103 and 104:
CHP FundThe CHP Fund is an incentiv
Page 105 and 106:
Taxation and incentivesFeed-in tari
Page 107 and 108:
Subsidies and fundingThere are seve
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 20:Impact of the energy tax
Page 111 and 112:
TargetsParallel with the target on
Page 113 and 114:
Sweden has no actual program dedica
Page 115 and 116:
Swedish energy taxesThe Swedish ene
Page 117 and 118:
8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSCo
Page 119 and 120:
14 Upgrading Landfill Gas to Natura
Page 121 and 122:
46 ISO 15971: “Natural gas - Meas
Page 123 and 124:
APPENDIX 1:DefinitionsBiogasBiomass
Page 125 and 126:
fixed bed gasification: BIONEERProc
Page 127 and 128:
Final cooling is accomplished by me
Page 129 and 130:
used for direct drying applications
Page 131 and 132:
fluidised bed gasification:EISENMAN
Page 133 and 134:
fluidised bed gasification:SELTECpr
Page 135 and 136:
The Battelle biomass gasification p
Page 137 and 138:
Primary heat exchangerThe primary h
Page 139 and 140:
active coal filter and cooled. The
Page 141 and 142:
• Kärnten (Austria)pyrolysis:Pro
Page 143 and 144:
Quality Value UnitComponents• Car
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Adding gas from biomass to the gas grid - SGC

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