Adding gas from biomass to the gas grid - SGC

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EcotaxThe government in the Netherlands introduced the ecotax in 1998. Table 58 gives the level of thistax by the year 2001. The consumer pays this ecotax. If the consumer buys green energy from theutility, no ecotax has to be paid. The utility will however charge a green energy premium to theconsumer.EcotaxOtherpriceelementsConsumer priceconventionalproductGreenenergyPremiumConsumerpricegreen productNatural gas €ct/m 3 €ct/m 3 €ct/m 3 €ct/m 30 - 5,000 11.7 30 42 not available not available5,000 - 170,000 5.7 22 28 not available not available170,000 - 1.000,000 1.1 10 11 not available not availableElectricity €ct/kWh €Ct/kWh €Ct/kWh €ct/kWh €Ct/kWh0 - 10,000 5.5 12.0 17.5 2.7 - 5.4 14.7 - 17.410,000 - 50,000 1.8 6.0 8 2.3 - 4.5 8.3 - 10.550,000 - 10,000,000 0.3 5.0 5.3 2.3 - 4.5 8.3 - 10.5Table 58: Ecotax in the Netherlands (starting in 2001)Figures 19 and 20 show the changes in the position of the energy producer.Figure 19:Impact of the energy tax system in the Netherlands on end-users and energyproducers of electricity. This system is operational fromd January 2001. The dataare representative, there are however some local differences. All costs in €ct/kWh.page: 107
Figure 20:Impact of the energy tax system in the Netherlands on end-users and energyproducers of gas. Up to now sustainable gas is not marketed by the energycompanies. The data are representative, there are however some local differences.All costs in €ct/m 3 .Liberalisation focussed on end-user positionThe government in the Netherlands uses the tax system to sustain the ‘greening’ of the society. Inthis policy the power of decission is moved to the end-user. Taxing makes the use of energyexpensive. Three taxes are levied to the consumer: value added tax (‘BTW’), fuel tax(‘Brandstoffenbelasting’) and ecotax (‘Regulerende energiebelasting’).The end-user gains the largest benefits by not using energy. Secondary to this, the user will pay alower tax by using sustainable energy. In this case the user will be exempted from the ecotax, andabove this the producer will receive a bonus for producing sustainble energy.Current price and tax levels balance the end-user prices for sustainable and not sustainable energy.The second largest energy company (Essent) is expected to offer to the residential end-users byJanuary 2001 ‘green’ electricity at a lower price than conventional electricity. The background to thisis probably that Essent makes more profit on green energy than on conventional energy.Figure 21 shows the main structure of the gas infrastructure sector in the Netherlands. Essentiallythe following parties are of importance in the liberal market gas supply:page: 108
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Report SGC 118Adding gas from bioma
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CONTENTS1 INTRODUCTION 32 IMPORTANC
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2 IMPORTANCE OF ADDING GAS FROM BIO
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Incentives by eco-labelingBy adding
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is mixed with coal in a combustor p
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Comparing efficiency data is a diff
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Figure 1: Energy flow diagram and i
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The product revenues are the most u
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3.1.2 Survey of technologiesThis pa
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3.1.3 Table of biogas compositionsD
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Aspect Unit ValueManure M 3 /day 6B
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Technologies for syngas upgradingTh
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CompositionProcesscalorific value M
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4 PIPELINE QUALITY GAS FROM BIOGAS4
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Removal of hydrogen sulphide with m
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Parameter Unit Process Plant exampl
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Parameter Unit Process valueCapacit
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600.9500.840Wobbe index [MJ/m 3 n]R
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Figure 4 illustrates reported inves
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4.3.4 Upgrading by absorption of ca
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Removal of carbon dioxide by water
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Selexol from the flash tank is depr
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poisonous and aggressive liquid wit
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Parameter Unit ProcessCapacity rang
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gas system is maintained by a contr
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In the gasification process the fir
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A catalytic process requires a feed
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In all countries gas in a distribut
Page 57 and 58: 6 SUPPLYING GAS FROM BIOMASS TO THE
Page 59 and 60: In Europe only two kinds of natural
Page 61 and 62: Component or quality Unit Limit or
Page 63 and 64: The directive thus also provides po
Page 65 and 66: Figure 13: Maximum range of permitt
Page 67 and 68: Figure 16: Wobbe index for differen
Page 69 and 70: 6.2.5 Discrepancies between standar
Page 71 and 72: 6.2.7 Description of national or de
Page 73 and 74: Figure 17:Arrangement of the contro
Page 75 and 76: Measurement methodDetection tubes f
Page 77 and 78: Descriptioncalculation of propertie
Page 79 and 80: The possibility of adding off-spec
Page 81 and 82: Europe among countries relying on e
Page 83 and 84: 7.1.3 FinlandBiogas is mainly produ
Page 85 and 86: Figure 18: Distribution of capacity
Page 87 and 88: Calorific Availability Market price
Page 89 and 90: Many landfills are equipped with ga
Page 91 and 92: the type and volume of the respecti
Page 93 and 94: 7.2.4 FranceThere are currently no
Page 95 and 96: 7.2.7 SwedenBiogas as a fuel for ve
Page 97 and 98: Policy on renewable energyThe gener
Page 99 and 100: Danish energy policy is to contribu
Page 101 and 102: Carbon dioxide taxApplication€/to
Page 103 and 104: CHP FundThe CHP Fund is an incentiv
Page 105 and 106: Taxation and incentivesFeed-in tari
Page 107: Subsidies and fundingThere are seve
Page 111 and 112: TargetsParallel with the target on
Page 113 and 114: Sweden has no actual program dedica
Page 115 and 116: Swedish energy taxesThe Swedish ene
Page 117 and 118: 8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSCo
Page 119 and 120: 14 Upgrading Landfill Gas to Natura
Page 121 and 122: 46 ISO 15971: “Natural gas - Meas
Page 123 and 124: APPENDIX 1:DefinitionsBiogasBiomass
Page 125 and 126: fixed bed gasification: BIONEERProc
Page 127 and 128: Final cooling is accomplished by me
Page 129 and 130: used for direct drying applications
Page 131 and 132: fluidised bed gasification:EISENMAN
Page 133 and 134: fluidised bed gasification:SELTECpr
Page 135 and 136: The Battelle biomass gasification p
Page 137 and 138: Primary heat exchangerThe primary h
Page 139 and 140: active coal filter and cooled. The
Page 141 and 142: • Kärnten (Austria)pyrolysis:Pro
Page 143 and 144: Quality Value UnitComponents• Car
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Adding gas from biomass to the gas grid - SGC

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