Adding gas from biomass to the gas grid - SGC

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Locally (in a federal state) there has been buy-back guaranties on electricity produced fromrenewable sources. The most favored energy source has been wind power, but co-generation frombiomass as well as biogas has been within the programme. This promotion has decreased andsince 1996 there is no reliable information concerning any promotion. A drawback could even bethat the electricity tax applies to electricity from biomass as well as from fossil fuels. The feed-intariff for electricity from biomass is in the interval 0.025 - 0.055 €/kWh with an average of 0.038€/kWh.Austria has a strong interest in energy development in neighbouring Central/Eastern Europeancountries, and has established special funds to assist them, such as the ‘Austrian EnvironmentalAssistance Abroad’ and ‘Assistance to the Newly Independent Central and Eastern EuropeanCountries’. These funds provide financial support for projects aimed at improving environmental andenergy conditions in these countries. The emphasis of these activities lies on renewable energysources and on rational energy use. Cross border co-operation with neighbouring countries in thefield of renewable energy sources is also provided by the INTERREG program.Considerable progress has been achieved in the use of biogas technology in Austria.The totalnumber of biogas installations in Austria 1997 was 196. Additional installations are being planned,especially in the field of landfill gas recovery, which is continually gaining importance. Besidesseveral smaller installations, the gas from Vienna's largest landfill at Rautenweg has beenrecovered for energy production since 1991. This plant, with an electric power capacity of 8 MW, iscurrently the largest in Europe.The advantages of biogas utilization in agriculture are numerous; it represents a renewable energysource, an environmentally sound way for organic waste disposal and organic fertilizer production,and significantly reduces bad smells. Biogas is typically utilized in combined heat and powerinstallations, whose excess power is fed into the grid. Substances such as vegetable and other foodresidues or oil are occasionally added. A fund has been set up to subsidize the installation of biogassystems by agricultural operators. There is no information available on the mechanisms of this fund.Some sources indicate that it is a general fund that can subsidise projects that meet therequirements and apply for funding.7.3.3 DenmarkThe Danish energy policy will contribute to the sustainable development of Danish society. Itsenergy sector will continue to be economically and technologically efficient, a flourishing sector thatforms part of the dynamic development of Danish society. The policy plans for rational managementof the resources to be given a central role. Internationally, Denmark will contribute to a developmentin which actions for better use of resources and reducing environmental impact are given steadilygrowing importance.page: 97
Danish energy policy is to contribute to ensuring Denmark a pioneering role in global sustainabledevelopment.The Danish energy policy is, among others, based on the following documents:• The Brundtland Report• The Kyoto Protocol• UN Climate ConventionThe Danish energy policy is described in the documents:• Energi 21 (Energy 21) [lit.51]. Energy 21 is the plan of the Danish government for sustainabledevelopment of energy in Denmark in an international context. In Energy 21, which waspublished in April 1996, the Danish Government maintains the national target of reducing CO 2emissions by 20% in 2005, in comparison with the 1988 level.• Opfølgning på Energi 21 (Follow-up on Energy 21) [lit.52]. In this report the status for meetingthe targets of Energy 21 is described and new initiatives to fulfil these are outlined.The government is maintaining the obligation so as to stabilise, by 2000, total Danish CO 2emissions into the atmosphere at a level below that of 1990 and, by 2005, to have reduced them by20% from their 1988 levels. For the transport sector, the government continues to maintain its 1990target of a further reduction of 25% by 2030.Denmark has one of the highest per capital rates of CO 2 emissions in the world on account of thehigh proportional use of coal in electricity production. On the other hand, Danish households andindustry use energy quite efficiently in comparison with other highly-developed industrial countries.Possibilities of reducing CO 2 emissions in Denmark exist through fuel substitution in electricityproduction.Denmark is willing to accept the reduction targets that follow from the conclusions of theInternational Panel on Climate Change. Should this be decided, Denmark and other highlydevelopedindustrial countries with high CO 2 emissions would strive to reduce them to half their1990 levels by 2030. Initiatives in the field of biomass are directed, firstly, towards conversion fromheat production plants only to combined heat and power units, secondly towards increasedexploitation of straw, biogas, and landfill gas, and thirdly towards reduction of the costs of producingbiomass for energy purposes.Consequently the government intends to:• Promote decentralised development of heat and power production based on biomass by:- promoting the use of gas from all relevant landfills for power production before 2005,- promoting the introduction of biomass before 2005 in some 350 block heating units withpage: 98
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Report SGC 118Adding gas from bioma
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CONTENTS1 INTRODUCTION 32 IMPORTANC
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2 IMPORTANCE OF ADDING GAS FROM BIO
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Incentives by eco-labelingBy adding
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is mixed with coal in a combustor p
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Comparing efficiency data is a diff
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Figure 1: Energy flow diagram and i
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The product revenues are the most u
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3.1.2 Survey of technologiesThis pa
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3.1.3 Table of biogas compositionsD
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Aspect Unit ValueManure M 3 /day 6B
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Technologies for syngas upgradingTh
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CompositionProcesscalorific value M
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4 PIPELINE QUALITY GAS FROM BIOGAS4
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Removal of hydrogen sulphide with m
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Parameter Unit Process Plant exampl
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Parameter Unit Process valueCapacit
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600.9500.840Wobbe index [MJ/m 3 n]R
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Figure 4 illustrates reported inves
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4.3.4 Upgrading by absorption of ca
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Removal of carbon dioxide by water
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Selexol from the flash tank is depr
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poisonous and aggressive liquid wit
Page 47 and 48: Parameter Unit ProcessCapacity rang
Page 49 and 50: gas system is maintained by a contr
Page 51 and 52: In the gasification process the fir
Page 53 and 54: A catalytic process requires a feed
Page 55 and 56: In all countries gas in a distribut
Page 57 and 58: 6 SUPPLYING GAS FROM BIOMASS TO THE
Page 59 and 60: In Europe only two kinds of natural
Page 61 and 62: Component or quality Unit Limit or
Page 63 and 64: The directive thus also provides po
Page 65 and 66: Figure 13: Maximum range of permitt
Page 67 and 68: Figure 16: Wobbe index for differen
Page 69 and 70: 6.2.5 Discrepancies between standar
Page 71 and 72: 6.2.7 Description of national or de
Page 73 and 74: Figure 17:Arrangement of the contro
Page 75 and 76: Measurement methodDetection tubes f
Page 77 and 78: Descriptioncalculation of propertie
Page 79 and 80: The possibility of adding off-spec
Page 81 and 82: Europe among countries relying on e
Page 83 and 84: 7.1.3 FinlandBiogas is mainly produ
Page 85 and 86: Figure 18: Distribution of capacity
Page 87 and 88: Calorific Availability Market price
Page 89 and 90: Many landfills are equipped with ga
Page 91 and 92: the type and volume of the respecti
Page 93 and 94: 7.2.4 FranceThere are currently no
Page 95 and 96: 7.2.7 SwedenBiogas as a fuel for ve
Page 97: Policy on renewable energyThe gener
Page 101 and 102: Carbon dioxide taxApplication€/to
Page 103 and 104: CHP FundThe CHP Fund is an incentiv
Page 105 and 106: Taxation and incentivesFeed-in tari
Page 107 and 108: Subsidies and fundingThere are seve
Page 109 and 110: Figure 20:Impact of the energy tax
Page 111 and 112: TargetsParallel with the target on
Page 113 and 114: Sweden has no actual program dedica
Page 115 and 116: Swedish energy taxesThe Swedish ene
Page 117 and 118: 8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSCo
Page 119 and 120: 14 Upgrading Landfill Gas to Natura
Page 121 and 122: 46 ISO 15971: “Natural gas - Meas
Page 123 and 124: APPENDIX 1:DefinitionsBiogasBiomass
Page 125 and 126: fixed bed gasification: BIONEERProc
Page 127 and 128: Final cooling is accomplished by me
Page 129 and 130: used for direct drying applications
Page 131 and 132: fluidised bed gasification:EISENMAN
Page 133 and 134: fluidised bed gasification:SELTECpr
Page 135 and 136: The Battelle biomass gasification p
Page 137 and 138: Primary heat exchangerThe primary h
Page 139 and 140: active coal filter and cooled. The
Page 141 and 142: • Kärnten (Austria)pyrolysis:Pro
Page 143 and 144: Quality Value UnitComponents• Car
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