Adding gas from biomass to the gas grid - SGC

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Biogas plants in SwitzerlandNumber ProductionType of biogas plantPJ/yearWaste water treatment plants 110 2.20Biomass plants 8 0.17Industrial waste treatment plants 25 0.18Farm-scale plants 64 0.05Total 204 2.60Table 50: Biogas plants and production in Switzerland (1998)30% Of the land area in Switzerland is forest and 38% is agricultural land. This means thatSwitzerland has a large biomass potential. The most commonly used biomass is fire wood. Fromagriculture mainly manure is utilised for biogas production.Although Switzerland is a country with large biomass resources, biomass plays a minor role in theenergy sector.ResourceConsumption,PJ/yearCoal 4Petroleum519Natural gas 91Hydroelectric power 100Nuclear power 72Wood 21Other renewable 6Other (Solar/Wind waste heat etc) 34Total 847Table 51: Primary energy consumption in Switzerland (1998)7.2 EXAMPLES OF PIPELINE QUALITY GAS FROM BIOMASS BY COUNTRY7.2.1 AustriaThere are currently no upgrading plants in operation in Austria.7.2.2 DenmarkThere are currently no upgrading plants in operation in Denmark. Pilot tests with membraneupgrading has been conducted, but the gas is not utilised [lit.17,60].7.2.3 FinlandThere are currently no upgrading plants in operation in Finland.page: 91
7.2.4 FranceThere are currently no examples of introduction of upgraded biogas to the natural gas grid. Theupgrading plants in France are shown in table 52.LocationFeedstock andtechnologyCapacitym3/hStatusChambéry Sewage sludge:30 Not in operationWater scrubbinganymoreLilleSewage sludge:100 In operation sinceWater scrubbing1995ToursLandfill gas:200 In operation sinceWater scrubbing1994Montech Landfill gas 500 Established in 1998.Not in operation *)Utilisation of upgradedgasVehicle fuelVehicle fuel (buses)Vehicle fuelInjection in natural gasgrid*): The French authorities have not authorised injection because of possible contamination (VOC).Table 52: Upgrading of biogas in France [lit.13,54]7.2.5 GermanyThe history of biogas technology in Germany started with production of biogas in sewage treatmentplants. From the middle of the 1930’s to the middle of the 1960’s biogas in many large sewagetreatment plants was upgraded and used as ‘bio-natural gas’ as fuel in car engines. Peakproduction of upgraded biogas for fuel and injection into the natural gas pipeline grid was reachedduring the second world war and after 1950. Under those conditions, a high viability for upgradedbiogas was achieved. Important water associations were Emschergenossenschaft, Ruhrverband,Wupperverband, Niersverband [lit.61,62]. The Niersverband, for example, produced up to 6.7 millionm 3 biogas per year up to 1955 for vehicle fuel and as CNG in cylinders sold to households.After a break of about 20 years, two sewage treatment plants constructed upgrading plants/gasseparation plants for feeding the upgraded biogas into the respective natural gas grid. In Stuttgart-Muhlhausen, biogas was upgraded to H-gas, in Viersen to L-gas. "One of the upgradingrequirements was that many consumers got access to the biogas energy. Thus it was ensured thaton an annual average an even and high share of the excess gas could be recovered“ [lit.63].In the central sewage plant at Stuttgart-Muhlhausen a EU demonstration project on energy savingand alternative energy sources was conducted. It was the first upgrading plant in the world usingMEA (Monoethanolamine) for absorption of CO 2 and H 2 S. The capacity was 500 m 3 crude biogasper hour, investment was 0.77 M€, amortisation about 10 years. The gas was sold for 0.21 €/m 3 .This plant successfully operated from 1984 to the end of 1999.page: 92
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Report SGC 118Adding gas from bioma
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CONTENTS1 INTRODUCTION 32 IMPORTANC
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2 IMPORTANCE OF ADDING GAS FROM BIO
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Incentives by eco-labelingBy adding
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is mixed with coal in a combustor p
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Comparing efficiency data is a diff
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Figure 1: Energy flow diagram and i
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The product revenues are the most u
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3.1.2 Survey of technologiesThis pa
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3.1.3 Table of biogas compositionsD
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Aspect Unit ValueManure M 3 /day 6B
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Technologies for syngas upgradingTh
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CompositionProcesscalorific value M
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4 PIPELINE QUALITY GAS FROM BIOGAS4
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Removal of hydrogen sulphide with m
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Parameter Unit Process Plant exampl
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Parameter Unit Process valueCapacit
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600.9500.840Wobbe index [MJ/m 3 n]R
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Figure 4 illustrates reported inves
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4.3.4 Upgrading by absorption of ca
Page 41 and 42: Removal of carbon dioxide by water
Page 43 and 44: Selexol from the flash tank is depr
Page 45 and 46: poisonous and aggressive liquid wit
Page 47 and 48: Parameter Unit ProcessCapacity rang
Page 49 and 50: gas system is maintained by a contr
Page 51 and 52: In the gasification process the fir
Page 53 and 54: A catalytic process requires a feed
Page 55 and 56: In all countries gas in a distribut
Page 57 and 58: 6 SUPPLYING GAS FROM BIOMASS TO THE
Page 59 and 60: In Europe only two kinds of natural
Page 61 and 62: Component or quality Unit Limit or
Page 63 and 64: The directive thus also provides po
Page 65 and 66: Figure 13: Maximum range of permitt
Page 67 and 68: Figure 16: Wobbe index for differen
Page 69 and 70: 6.2.5 Discrepancies between standar
Page 71 and 72: 6.2.7 Description of national or de
Page 73 and 74: Figure 17:Arrangement of the contro
Page 75 and 76: Measurement methodDetection tubes f
Page 77 and 78: Descriptioncalculation of propertie
Page 79 and 80: The possibility of adding off-spec
Page 81 and 82: Europe among countries relying on e
Page 83 and 84: 7.1.3 FinlandBiogas is mainly produ
Page 85 and 86: Figure 18: Distribution of capacity
Page 87 and 88: Calorific Availability Market price
Page 89 and 90: Many landfills are equipped with ga
Page 91: the type and volume of the respecti
Page 95 and 96: 7.2.7 SwedenBiogas as a fuel for ve
Page 97 and 98: Policy on renewable energyThe gener
Page 99 and 100: Danish energy policy is to contribu
Page 101 and 102: Carbon dioxide taxApplication€/to
Page 103 and 104: CHP FundThe CHP Fund is an incentiv
Page 105 and 106: Taxation and incentivesFeed-in tari
Page 107 and 108: Subsidies and fundingThere are seve
Page 109 and 110: Figure 20:Impact of the energy tax
Page 111 and 112: TargetsParallel with the target on
Page 113 and 114: Sweden has no actual program dedica
Page 115 and 116: Swedish energy taxesThe Swedish ene
Page 117 and 118: 8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSCo
Page 119 and 120: 14 Upgrading Landfill Gas to Natura
Page 121 and 122: 46 ISO 15971: “Natural gas - Meas
Page 123 and 124: APPENDIX 1:DefinitionsBiogasBiomass
Page 125 and 126: fixed bed gasification: BIONEERProc
Page 127 and 128: Final cooling is accomplished by me
Page 129 and 130: used for direct drying applications
Page 131 and 132: fluidised bed gasification:EISENMAN
Page 133 and 134: fluidised bed gasification:SELTECpr
Page 135 and 136: The Battelle biomass gasification p
Page 137 and 138: Primary heat exchangerThe primary h
Page 139 and 140: active coal filter and cooled. The
Page 141 and 142: • Kärnten (Austria)pyrolysis:Pro
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Quality Value UnitComponents• Car
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