Adding gas from biomass to the gas grid - SGC

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only a small part is utilised. In case of utilisation the efficiency, in which the energy in the biomass isconverted to useful energy, is below a readily achievable level. Notwithstanding this sub-optimalutilisation, biomass already in 1990 contributed to 13% of all primary energy [lit.4]. It is estimatedthat in 2050 nearly 40% of the direct fuel use and 17% of the power production will be provided frombiomass.Fuel gas from biogasThe concept of the production of distribution quality gas from biomass is not incorporated in theWhite Paper on renewable energy. This concept however can substantially improve the utilisation ofenergy from biomass. In this concept biomass is converted to a gas fit for supplication to a gas grid,the pipeline quality gas.Addition to the local low-pressure gas grid allows a highly efficient application of the energy inbiomass. On the expense of compression and upgrading to transport grid pressure and qualitybiogas can be fed to the pan-European gas grid allowing a virtually unrestricted production ofenergy from biomass.This means that pipeline quality gas from biomass allows:Accommodation of virtually any production at any time at any place near the gas gridAs long as a connection with a sufficient capacity to the natural gas grid exists, all pipeline qualitygas can be accommodated. If the production is too high for the actual local use, the gas istransported to users further away.Highly efficient applicationExisting installed natural gas appliances will use the biogas. This means that the already existingstandards for the efficient use of natural gas hold for all biogas added to the grid.Security of supply for users of biomassIf the production is too low, local users will be supplied with natural gas from the grid. This allows foroptimal dimensioning and load for the conversion plant. Interruptions in the production, e.g. formaintenance or by a temporary lack of biomass, do not effect the users.Utilisation of biomass for heating, power production, combined heat and power production, coolingand refrigeration and as a transport fuelNatural gas has a wide, and still growing, range of highly energy efficient applications. Therefore allproduced biogas will find an application with high energy efficiency. Not only for highly efficientheating (utilising condensing appliances), but also for the combined heat and power production oras a clean and efficient transport fuel.page: 5
Incentives by eco-labelingBy adding gas from biomass to the natural gas grid the consumption of natural gas is for thatamount replaced with the carbon dioxide neutral gas from biomass. This means that this gas frombiomass can be sold as ‘green’ electricity on the ‘green’ market. Just like ‘green’ electricity thebiogas production and utilisation are only virtually connected.Peak shavingA connection of a biogas plant with the natural gas grid will provide a possibility for peak shaving byusing the natural gas grid as a storage facility. The flaring of gas can be avoided during low demandperiods and 100% of the biogas can be used.High value applicationsBy injecting biogas into the natural gas grid, the gas can be transferred to a location where it has ahigher value than it has at the production plant. Biogas is currently often used in ‘low tech’applications. By injection into the natural gas grid, the gas can be sold as vehicle fuel for a higherprice at locations that are more easily accessible for customers, e.g. NGV filling stations in urbanareas. Pipeline quality gas from biomass has a market value equal to natural gas. In some countriesit may be free from eco-tax. This relief from eco-tax can be essential to provide a sufficientprofitability margin to make upgrading of the biogas economically viable.Compared to the current practice for the production of energy from biomass the main assets foradding gas from biomass to the grid are:• higher energy efficiency• low investment costs• nearly unlimited distribution and transport facilities• daily and seasonal buffering already provided in the actual gas grid• unconditioned utilisation as a transport fuel• unconditioned utilisation in distributed power productionThe main reason for connecting biogas plants to the natural gas network is to make gas frombiomass available where it can be sold for a higher price than if it is used locally. The environmentalaspect must also be considered if gas from biomass, instead of being combusted in a local boiler, isused as a transportation fuel, in for example cars, city buses or trucks.An interconnection can also provide the producer of pipeline quality gas with possibilities ofexpanding his market without the need for investment in an expansion of a local distribution grid. Amajor problem in this respect is that increased production or purification capacity in a biogasproduction plant often requires large investments and these investments cannot be made before thepage: 6
Page 1 and 2: Report SGC 118Adding gas from bioma
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS1 INTRODUCTION 32 IMPORTANC
Page 5: 2 IMPORTANCE OF ADDING GAS FROM BIO
Page 9 and 10: is mixed with coal in a combustor p
Page 11 and 12: Comparing efficiency data is a diff
Page 13 and 14: Figure 1: Energy flow diagram and i
Page 15 and 16: The product revenues are the most u
Page 17 and 18: 3.1.2 Survey of technologiesThis pa
Page 19 and 20: 3.1.3 Table of biogas compositionsD
Page 21 and 22: Aspect Unit ValueManure M 3 /day 6B
Page 23 and 24: Technologies for syngas upgradingTh
Page 25 and 26: CompositionProcesscalorific value M
Page 27 and 28: 4 PIPELINE QUALITY GAS FROM BIOGAS4
Page 29 and 30: Removal of hydrogen sulphide with m
Page 31 and 32: Parameter Unit Process Plant exampl
Page 33 and 34: Parameter Unit Process valueCapacit
Page 35 and 36: 600.9500.840Wobbe index [MJ/m 3 n]R
Page 37 and 38: Figure 4 illustrates reported inves
Page 39 and 40: 4.3.4 Upgrading by absorption of ca
Page 41 and 42: Removal of carbon dioxide by water
Page 43 and 44: Selexol from the flash tank is depr
Page 45 and 46: poisonous and aggressive liquid wit
Page 47 and 48: Parameter Unit ProcessCapacity rang
Page 49 and 50: gas system is maintained by a contr
Page 51 and 52: In the gasification process the fir
Page 53 and 54: A catalytic process requires a feed
Page 55 and 56: In all countries gas in a distribut
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6 SUPPLYING GAS FROM BIOMASS TO THE
Page 59 and 60:
In Europe only two kinds of natural
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Component or quality Unit Limit or
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The directive thus also provides po
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Figure 13: Maximum range of permitt
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Figure 16: Wobbe index for differen
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6.2.5 Discrepancies between standar
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6.2.7 Description of national or de
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Figure 17:Arrangement of the contro
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Measurement methodDetection tubes f
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Descriptioncalculation of propertie
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The possibility of adding off-spec
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Europe among countries relying on e
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7.1.3 FinlandBiogas is mainly produ
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Figure 18: Distribution of capacity
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Calorific Availability Market price
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Many landfills are equipped with ga
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the type and volume of the respecti
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7.2.4 FranceThere are currently no
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7.2.7 SwedenBiogas as a fuel for ve
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Policy on renewable energyThe gener
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Danish energy policy is to contribu
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Carbon dioxide taxApplication€/to
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CHP FundThe CHP Fund is an incentiv
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Taxation and incentivesFeed-in tari
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Subsidies and fundingThere are seve
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Figure 20:Impact of the energy tax
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TargetsParallel with the target on
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Sweden has no actual program dedica
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Swedish energy taxesThe Swedish ene
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8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSCo
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14 Upgrading Landfill Gas to Natura
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46 ISO 15971: “Natural gas - Meas
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APPENDIX 1:DefinitionsBiogasBiomass
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fixed bed gasification: BIONEERProc
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Final cooling is accomplished by me
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used for direct drying applications
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fluidised bed gasification:EISENMAN
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fluidised bed gasification:SELTECpr
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The Battelle biomass gasification p
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Primary heat exchangerThe primary h
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active coal filter and cooled. The
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• Kärnten (Austria)pyrolysis:Pro
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Quality Value UnitComponents• Car
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