Adding gas from biomass to the gas grid - SGC

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There is a sulphur tax on all fuel consumption of 1.3 €/kg sulphur dioxide, see table 57. Fuels with asulphur content of less than 0.05% are tax-exempt.Tradable green certificates in DenmarkIn Denmark a system of tradable green certificates is planned to support the growth of renewableelectricity. It should take effect in 2002. The Danish government wants to use this system to doublethe proportion of electricity generated from renewable sources to 20% in 2003. This systemreplaces the current direct subsidies to renewable energy producers. The benefit of green certificatetrading above that of state subsidies and fixed prices is that they give producers an incentive toreduce their production costs. The current plans were announced in May 2000. The governmentpledged to open a central exchange for trading in renewable green energy certificates. This planhas now been approved under EU state rules.Financial supportThe government supports biogas plants financially with up to 30% of the investment, with a maxiumof € 130,000. Domestic biomass heating systems are supported with 18 - 21% of the investment inareas without distribution networks for natural gas and district heating.Electricity Act of May 31, 1996The Electricity Act provides a major economic incentive for electricity generated by renewableenergy sources. This subsidy consists of two grants. The first (0.023 €/kWh) is a general incentiveto expand electricity produced from renewables. The other grant (0.013 €/kWh) serves to internalisepart of the external costs of fossil fuels.If electricity from biomass systems is fed into the grid, the utilities pay on a basis of avoided costs.Thus, the price depends on the time at which the electricity is supplied. The private producerreceives between 0.019 - 0.132 €/kWh from the utility. Added to this is a government subsidy(reimbursement for energy or carbon tax) of 0.013 €/kWh and a government grant to encourage theuse of biomass of 0.023 €/kWh. This means that the price varies within a range of 0.055 - 0.168€/kWh. Furthermore producers may be eligible for a 30% investment subsidy for biogas facilities.Benefits:Private and decentralised electricity producers get a support for renewable energy (wind, hydro &biomass) of 0,024 €/kWh, besides 0.014 €/kWh paid from carbon dioxide tax. Total subsidy (abovethe market price for electricity) amounts to 0.037 €/kWh.page: 101
CHP FundThe CHP Fund is an incentive for the use of CHP in biomass-based district heating plants. The CHPFund is financed with energy tax resources. Most projects receive a support of 10 to 35% of theproject costs. The upper ceiling for support is 50% and applies to the most risky or developmentorientedprojects.The prospects for adding biogas to the natural gas grid in Denmark are low. Previous investigationshave shown that upgrading is economically unrealistic and the current development is focused onutilisation in district heating or CHP.7.3.4 FinlandRenewable energy consumption is quite high in Finland compared to other OECD countries.Approximately 30% of energy demand in Finland is supplied by renewable energy. Such a highpercentage of renewable energy consumption has helped lead Finland to a strong position withinthe renewable energy technology field.The most important Finnish energy sources are wood, peat, and hydropower. Wood accounts forapproximately 19% of energy consumption (with 4% being for small-scale wood use), while peatand hydro account for 7% and 3%, respectively.Finland lacks many indigenous fuel sources and must, therefore, either import its energy (currently70% of energy demand in Finland) or must rely on alternative sources of energy. Additionally,Finland has been one of the highest consumers of energy per capital of the OECD countries, whichhas been caused in part by the energy-intensive industries (e.g. forestry) that consumeapproximately 50% of energy in Finland. Most biomass-based energy is produced within the forestryindustry. Additionally, the Kyoto agreement has stipulated that Finland and other participatingcountries need to bring their CO 2 emissions down to the 1990 level.Such factors have led Finland to pursue many opportunities within the renewable energy field, inorder to diversify its sources for energy and to bring down CO 2 emissions. To address this need forrenewable sources of energy, much research and development has been performed on renewableenergy technologies.Public funding has been a great catalyst for the development of the renewable energy technologymarket in Finland and will be a factor impacting the future development of the renewable energytechnology market. Major programs were launched in 1993 and in 1998 to address this issue.Finland's energy technology exports exceed its energy technology imports. Because of this publicemphasis, the advanced technology has been developed.The Finnish industrial energy policy is based on voluntary means with the exception of the energytax. Finland was the first IEA member to impose a CO 2 tax unilaterally. The tax was introduced in1990 and it applies to fossil fuels, including motor fuels. The 1992 tax rates were doubled in 1993.The Finnish tax system is preferential of indigenous fuels, as indigenous fuels and imported gas areexempted from the general turnover tax. The two big energy-intensive industrial sectors in Finland,page: 102
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Report SGC 118Adding gas from bioma
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CONTENTS1 INTRODUCTION 32 IMPORTANC
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2 IMPORTANCE OF ADDING GAS FROM BIO
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Incentives by eco-labelingBy adding
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is mixed with coal in a combustor p
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Comparing efficiency data is a diff
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Figure 1: Energy flow diagram and i
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The product revenues are the most u
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3.1.2 Survey of technologiesThis pa
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3.1.3 Table of biogas compositionsD
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Aspect Unit ValueManure M 3 /day 6B
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Technologies for syngas upgradingTh
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CompositionProcesscalorific value M
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4 PIPELINE QUALITY GAS FROM BIOGAS4
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Removal of hydrogen sulphide with m
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Parameter Unit Process Plant exampl
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Parameter Unit Process valueCapacit
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600.9500.840Wobbe index [MJ/m 3 n]R
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Figure 4 illustrates reported inves
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4.3.4 Upgrading by absorption of ca
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Removal of carbon dioxide by water
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Selexol from the flash tank is depr
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poisonous and aggressive liquid wit
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Parameter Unit ProcessCapacity rang
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gas system is maintained by a contr
Page 51 and 52: In the gasification process the fir
Page 53 and 54: A catalytic process requires a feed
Page 55 and 56: In all countries gas in a distribut
Page 57 and 58: 6 SUPPLYING GAS FROM BIOMASS TO THE
Page 59 and 60: In Europe only two kinds of natural
Page 61 and 62: Component or quality Unit Limit or
Page 63 and 64: The directive thus also provides po
Page 65 and 66: Figure 13: Maximum range of permitt
Page 67 and 68: Figure 16: Wobbe index for differen
Page 69 and 70: 6.2.5 Discrepancies between standar
Page 71 and 72: 6.2.7 Description of national or de
Page 73 and 74: Figure 17:Arrangement of the contro
Page 75 and 76: Measurement methodDetection tubes f
Page 77 and 78: Descriptioncalculation of propertie
Page 79 and 80: The possibility of adding off-spec
Page 81 and 82: Europe among countries relying on e
Page 83 and 84: 7.1.3 FinlandBiogas is mainly produ
Page 85 and 86: Figure 18: Distribution of capacity
Page 87 and 88: Calorific Availability Market price
Page 89 and 90: Many landfills are equipped with ga
Page 91 and 92: the type and volume of the respecti
Page 93 and 94: 7.2.4 FranceThere are currently no
Page 95 and 96: 7.2.7 SwedenBiogas as a fuel for ve
Page 97 and 98: Policy on renewable energyThe gener
Page 99 and 100: Danish energy policy is to contribu
Page 101: Carbon dioxide taxApplication€/to
Page 105 and 106: Taxation and incentivesFeed-in tari
Page 107 and 108: Subsidies and fundingThere are seve
Page 109 and 110: Figure 20:Impact of the energy tax
Page 111 and 112: TargetsParallel with the target on
Page 113 and 114: Sweden has no actual program dedica
Page 115 and 116: Swedish energy taxesThe Swedish ene
Page 117 and 118: 8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSCo
Page 119 and 120: 14 Upgrading Landfill Gas to Natura
Page 121 and 122: 46 ISO 15971: “Natural gas - Meas
Page 123 and 124: APPENDIX 1:DefinitionsBiogasBiomass
Page 125 and 126: fixed bed gasification: BIONEERProc
Page 127 and 128: Final cooling is accomplished by me
Page 129 and 130: used for direct drying applications
Page 131 and 132: fluidised bed gasification:EISENMAN
Page 133 and 134: fluidised bed gasification:SELTECpr
Page 135 and 136: The Battelle biomass gasification p
Page 137 and 138: Primary heat exchangerThe primary h
Page 139 and 140: active coal filter and cooled. The
Page 141 and 142: • Kärnten (Austria)pyrolysis:Pro
Page 143 and 144: Quality Value UnitComponents• Car
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Adding gas from biomass to the gas grid - SGC

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