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GAMBIANo information is available on sea turtle occurrence.International trade Gambia acceded to CITES on 26 August 1977. The onlyrecord of trade in turtle products recorded in CITES Annual Reports was theillegal import of one shell of E. imbricata and one of C. mydas to Denmarkin 1984.LEGISLATIONWildlife Conservation Act 1977. 14 February 1977.Includes all parts, eggs, nest etc.Any animal found in the Gambia is protected. The minister may declareopen seasons, but a licence is required for hunting.All immature animals or females accompanied by young are completlyprotected.Commercial sale is prohibited.No export or import of any wild animal (inluding parts etc) is permittedexcept under special circumstances with a licence.200
GHANALittle recent information is available; Brongersma (1982) reported that bothC. mydas and E. imbricata have been recorded to nest, but gave no details ofsites or numbers. According to Parsons (1962), the coast of Ghana is one oftwo areas on the western seaboard of Africa that are most frequented byturtles (the second being the Banc d'Arguin In Mauritania). Cansdale (1955)stated that C. mydas is the most common turtle species along the coast ofGhana (and probably in West Africa generally). A survey of the wholecoastline carried out on foot from July to October in 1974 found evidence ofnesting at only one site, near the town of Anyaman, where three nests wereobserved. It is not known what species was Involved, but a dead C . mydaswas found on the beach nearby. Local inhabitants indicated that mostnesting occurred in the Accra-Anyamam area. They reported that nestingoccurred from July to December, with a peak, in November-December (Toth andToth, 1974).EXPLOITATIONCommodity Both turtle meat and eggs of C. mydas are eaten by theinhabitants of Ghana; Irvine (1947, cited in Loverldge and Williams, 1958)described how both commodities were customarily cooked in the Gold Coast.Toth and Toth (1974) reported finding the shells of 33 C. mydas . sixC. caretta and two D. corlacea during their survey of the coastline. Theysaid that both eggs and adults are regularly taken and that what is noteaten locally is taken to the markets, chiefly Prampram and Accra, forsale. They felt that there would be strong opposition to any attempts bythe Department of Game and Wildlife to enforce the protective legislation,and said that local traditions of protecting some female turtles and theirnests had existed but were now dying out.International trade Ghana acceded to CITES on 14 November 1977. Thereis no record of trade in turtle products with Ghana recorded in CITES AnnualReports.LEGISLATIONThe Wild Animals Preservation Act, 22 March 1961.The following species have total protection;E. imbricataD. corlaceaThe Act empowers the President to amend the lists and empowers theMinister to authorise the taking of protected species for scientificpurposes. It also provides for the requirement of an export permit forthe export of trophies. The import of trophies, exported fromterritories to which the Convention of the Protection of Fauna and Floraof 1933 applies, is prohibited except on production of a certificate oflawful export. (Trophies are defined as any animal mentioned in theSchedules to the Act, dead or alive, or any readily recognisable part orproduct thereof.)201
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A publication of the Secretariat of
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CONTEMTSSARAWAK 314WEST MALAYSIA 31
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INTRODUCTIONSUMMARY1. Recent invest
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INTRODUCTIONoutboard motors, nylon
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.INTRODUCTIONSCOPE AND METHODSThe p
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..INTRODUCTIONshown to deserve form
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INTRODUCTIONMARINE TURTLE BIOLOGY A
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...INTRODUCTIONExcept for the nesti
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INTRODUCTION5 000 C. mydas nested i
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INTRODUCTIONMigration and philopatr
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INTRODUCTIONBut harvesting is rarel
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..INTRODUCTIONIf the details of hom
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INTRODUCTIONrelatively large averag
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INTRODUCTIONMethods ofturtle exploi
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INTRODUCTIONextremely heavy harvest
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INTRODUCTIONmight otherwise have su
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INTRODUCTION"preservationists in th
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INTRODUCTIONAlthough in global term
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INTRODUCTIONVery large quantities o
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I u-> I I I I II l/^ I i CM i I >0
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INTRODUCTIONsuggested (e.g. Dodd ,
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INTRODOCTIOMone of the recorded cau
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INTRODUCTIONNote^: the "indication
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INTRODUCTIOMNevertheless, there is
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INTRODUCTIONbecause of over-exploit
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INTRODUCTIONConservation status and
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INTRODUCTIONTable 11, continued.Che
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INTRODUCTIONTable 11, continued.Che
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AMERICAN SAMOAPOPULATION:Chelonia m
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ANGOLAPOPULATION:Chelonla mydasNest
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ANGUILLAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNe
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ANGUILLALEGISLATIONTurtle Ordinance
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ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA(1978, cited in
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ARUBAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNesti
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ASCENSION AND ST HELENAForaging sit
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AUSTRALIAAUSTRALIA:QUEENSLANDPOPULA
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AUSTEtALIAEXPLOITATIONThe main spec
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AUSTEUI.IADomestic trade Commercial
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VsAUSTRALIAArchipelago, all off the
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AUSTRALIALEGISLATIONWildlife Conser
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BAHAMASPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNes
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BAHAMASTable 18. Green Turtle and H
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BAHRAINGreen Turtles are reported t
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BANGLADESHCITES Annual Reports cont
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BARBADOSRANCHING/ HATCHERIESAn expe
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BELIZEForaging sites Whilst nesting
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BELIZEWildlife Protection Act 1981
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BERMUDAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNes
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BRAZILPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNest
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BRAZILPara are said to catch 0.2-0.
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BRAZILPortaria No. N-005, 31 Januar
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BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORIESFor
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BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDSPOPULATION:Ch
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BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDSEXPLOITATIONC
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BRUNEIPOPULATIONAccording to Harris
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BURMAegg collection, now support mi
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BURMATable 30. Marine turtle eggs c
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BURMADomestic trade Most of the egg
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CANARY ISLANDS(SPAIN)There is only
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CAYMAN ISLANDSPOPULATIONThe breedin
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CAYMAN ISLANDSTable 33. Direct expo
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CAYMAN ISLANDSTable 36. Imports of
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CAYMAN ISLANDS(E.G. Roet in litt. t
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CAYMAN ISLANDSThe Marine Conservati
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CHINA,PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OFPOPULATIO
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CHINA,PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OFHistorica
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COLOMBIACOLOMBIA:CASIBBBANPOPULATIO
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COLOMBIAEXPLOITATIONComnodity Green
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COLOMBIAconcerning permits for hunt
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COMORO ISLANDSJune. The peak appear
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CONGONo recent information is avail
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COOK ISLANDSPalmerston. About 50 tu
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COSTA RICATrends in nesting numbers
Page 157 and 158: COSTA RICATHREATSExploitation of tu
Page 159 and 160: COSTA RICACOSTA RICA:PACIFICPOPULAT
Page 161 and 162: CUBAPOPULATION: Chelonia mydas . Kr
Page 163 and 164: CUBAof 250 kg, 215 kg and 75 kg of
Page 165 and 166: CYPRUSPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasNes
Page 167 and 168: CYPRUSLEGISLATIONFisheries Regulati
Page 169 and 170: IXMnNICAPOPULATION:Chalonla mydasNe
Page 171 and 172: DOMINICALEGISLATIONTurtle Ordinance
Page 173 and 174: DOMINICAN REPUBLICTable 52. Estimat
Page 175 and 176: DOMINICAN REPUBLICTable S3. Officia
Page 177 and 178: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC"commercial". Thi
Page 179 and 180: ECUADORTHREATSNo information locate
Page 181 and 182: ECUADORHurtado notes some movement
Page 183 and 184: EGYPTEGYPT:MEDITERRANEANPOPULATIONA
Page 185 and 186: EGYPTcurios, but not, apparently, i
Page 187 and 188: EQUATORIAL GUINEAEQUATORIAL GUINEA:
Page 189 and 190: ETHIOPIAPOPULATION: Chelonia mydaa
Page 191 and 192: FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIAwere
Page 193 and 194: FIJIPOPULATIOK :Chelonia mydasNesti
Page 195 and 196: FIJIThere is little qualitative inf
Page 198 and 199: ~H01 «1-1 3^ >Lie0)iH« 2O VI-U g
Page 200 and 201: FRENCH GUIANAPOPULATION:Chelonla my
Page 202 and 203: FRENCH GUIANAArrete Prefectoral No.
Page 204 and 205: FRENCH POLYNESIATable 66. Total tra
Page 206 and 207: FRENCH POLYNESIAshow exports of 425
Page 210 and 211: GRENADA AND THE GRENADIAN GRENADINE
Page 212 and 213: GRENADA AND THE GRENADIAN GRENADINE
Page 214 and 215: GUADELOUPE AND DEPENDENCIESNesting
Page 216 and 217: GUAMPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNestin
Page 218 and 219: GUATEMALAGUATEMALA:CARIBBEANPOPULAT
Page 220 and 221: GUATEMALAEXPLOITATIONCommodity Corn
Page 222 and 223: GUINEA BISSAUNo information availab
Page 224 and 225: GUYANATHREATSReichart et al (198A)
Page 226 and 227: HAITIin view of the quantity of tor
Page 228 and 229: 1973
Page 230 and 231: HAWAIITable
Page 232 and 233: HONDURASHONDURAS:CARIBBEANPOPULATIO
Page 234 and 235: HONDURASDomestic trade Green Turtle
Page 236 and 237: HONDURASestablishes closed seasons,
Page 238 and 239: HONG KONGTable 75. Sources of impor
Page 240 and 241: INDIANesting numbers Nesting number
Page 242 and 243: INDIATable 77. Domestic exports of
Page 244 and 245: INDIAEXPLOITATIONConmodlty Both C.
Page 246 and 247: INDIAThe Andamans E. imbricata popu
Page 248 and 249: INDONESIAPangumbahan (SW Java),beac
Page 250 and 251: . SulawesiINDONESIATable 81continue
Page 252 and 253: 1INDONESIAharvests are low in the b
Page 254 and 255: INDONESIAlaid at Pangumbahan. Schul
Page 256 and 257: mydasINDONESIALemukutanAlthough Sal
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INDONESIATable 88. Known E^ jmbrira
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INDONESIAparts of Riau and in Sulaw
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INDONESIAP. Pesambung, and perhaps
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INDONESIAThe harvest of adult E. im
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1INDONESIAjewellery. Most of the to
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INDONESIAEven allowing for the fact
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INDONESIAJavaHawksbill rearing oper
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0000n00CM0001c o c-P00O03LiOaSILio
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INDONESIATable 97. Percentage by we
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IRANfresh; it seems lilcely that a
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ISRAELPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNest
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iIVORY COASTNo information availabl
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JAMAICAHunting intensity Official S
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JAPANPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNesti
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JAPANHunting methods Host of the tu
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I nIIII c^I u^f^ I i ^I o»—II r^
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I I lO I I I I< I I I10I I I I II I
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KAMPUCHEAAccording to Bourret (1941
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KENYAPOPULAT I ON :Chelonia mydasNe
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KENYAto Japan in 1976, 1977 and 197
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KIRIBATILine and Gilbert groups; Ba
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KIRIBATIcatching 200-300 Green turt
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KOREA,REPUBLIC OFTable 111. Destina
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LIBERIASome nesting by C. mydas has
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MADAGASCARevidence, Europa must mak
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. mydasMADAGASCARTable 112.Madagasc
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MADAGASCARTable llA. Imports of raw
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MALAYSIAMALAYSIA:SABAHPOPULATIOK :C
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MALAYSIA1983 bearing a Philippines
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MALAYSIAlogarithmically transformed
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MALAYSIACustoms (Prohibition of Imp
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MALAYSIATable 122. Reported egg pro
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MALAYSIAThe only period when signif
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MALAYSIAWEST MALAYSIAPOPULATION:Che
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MALAYSIAinterpreting yield data fro
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MALAYSIAand 1978 there was a substa
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MALAYSIATable 131. International tr
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MALAYSIAA fifth hatchery was starte
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MALDIVESNesting season Didi (1983)
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MALDIVESthe 15 000 tourists were es
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MARSHALL ISLANDS.REPUBLIC OFPOPULAT
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HAHTINIQUEPOPULATION :Chelonia myda
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MARTINIQUEDomingue" (Dominican Repu
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MAURITANIAHunting methods Turtles a
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MAURITIUS AND DEPENDENCIESTable 138
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MAURITIUS AND DEPENDENCIESTable 139
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MAYOTTKPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNes
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MAYOTTK1987) recorded A2 shells fro
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MEXICOTable 141. Nest sites and est
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MEXICOTable 1A2. Nest sites and est
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MEXICOCampeche As noted above, Camp
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MEXICOno production at all was reco
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MEXICONesting season Nesting season
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MEXICOUntil the 1950s tortoiseshell
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MEXICO( Chelonia mydas or perhaps E
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MEXICOfigures, and based on an offi
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AtMEXICOalthough Alvarado and Figue
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MEXICOorigin Cayman Islands to Hong
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HONTSERE(ATDomestic trade Jeffers a
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MOZAMBIQUESingar and Mefunvo, near
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NAMIBIAWhile C. mydas is known to e
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NETHERLANDS ANTILLESNETHERLANDS ANT
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NETHERLANDS ANTILLESNETHERLANDS ANT
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NETHERLANDS ANTILLESSt Maarten: Spe
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NEW CALEDONIAPOPULATION:Chelonia my
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NEW CALEDONIAHunting methods Some t
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NICARAGUANICARAGUA:CARIBBEANPOPULAT
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NICASAGUAwages. Nietschmann (1981)
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NICARAGUAThe figures for 1980-82 ac
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NIGERIANo information available. Bo
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NORTHERN MARIANAS,COMMONWEALTH OFPO
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OMANalthough the species compositio
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OMANHistorical trends There is no d
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PAKISTANTable 153. Nesting emergenc
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PAKISTANbakeries who used them in b
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PALAU REPUBLICPOPULATION :Chelonia
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PALAU REPUBLICHunting methods Palau
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PANAMAPANAMA:CARIBBEANPOPULATION:Ch
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PANAMATable 155. Exports of tortols
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PANAMAEXPLOITATIONAccording to Corn
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PAPUA NEW GUINEAfrom West Sepik. Pr
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PAPUA NEW GUINEAinvolves many taboo
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PERUGreen Turtles have never been p
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PHILIPPINESPOPULATION:Chelonia myda
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PHILIPPINESambiguous. Reyes ( in li
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PHILIPPINESHunting intensity In spi
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PHILIPPINESStuffing industry in Zam
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PHILIPPINESTable 166. Imports of "T
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PHILIPPINESThe remaining 60% may be
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PUERTO RICOPOPULATION :Chelonla myd
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PUERTO RICOLEGISLATIONReglajnento D
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REUKION AND ILESBPARSESREUNIONReuni
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REUNION AND ILESEPARSESTable 169. H
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REUNION AND ILESEPARSESTable 169, a
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REUNION AND ILESEPARSESLe Gall et a
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REUNION AND ILBS EPARSBScatch. This
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REUNION AND ILESEPARSESthe surface
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SAO TOME AND PRINCIPEVirtually no r
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SAUDI ARABIANesting numbers No deta
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SAUDI ARABIAMigration No specific i
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ISENEGALPOPULAT I ON :Chelonia myda
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SEYCHELLESPOPULATION:Chelonia mydas
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SEYCHELLESwould thus have included
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SEYCHELLESaround Lhe Mozambiqup Cha
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SEYCHELLESTable 176. continuedFrazi
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SEYCHELLESmeat could have been eate
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SEYCHELLESTable 177. continuedYear
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SEYCHELLESThe Seychelles submitted
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SEYCHELLESotherwise take possession
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SINGAPOREPOPULATIONWhile both C. my
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SINGAPOREwithoul a licence.Import o
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SOLOMON ISLANDSManning Straits midw
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SOLOMON ISLANDSalso been a tendency
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SOMALIAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasNe
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SOMALIAwork, five 20-m nets. Remora
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SOUTH AFRICABoth C. mydas and E. im
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SRILANKAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasN
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SRILANKAHistorical trends Turtle ex
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SRILANKAhave ceased to nest on the
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STKITTS-NBVISTHREATSAccording to To
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ST LUCIAPOPULATION : Chelonia mydas
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STLUCIAA trader from St Lucia, Char
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ST VINCENT AND THE ST VINCENT GRENA
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SUDANPOPULATION :Chelonia mydaaTher
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SURINAMEPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNe
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SURINAHEBigisanti Beach except for
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SURINAMGTable 194. Estimates of the
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SURINAMEA proposal was prepared tuc
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TAIWANTable 196. Destinations of ex
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TANZANIAPOPULATION:Chelonla mydaaNe
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TANZANIAyear. Japanese Customs repo
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THAILANDPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNe
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THAILANDEXPLOITATIONCommodity The p
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THAILANDDomestic trade Turtle eggs
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THAILANDimposed for failure to comp
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TOKBLAUPOPULATION:Chalonla mydasNes
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TONGAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasNest
Page 535 and 536:
TONGAInternational trade Tonga is n
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TRINIDAD AND TOBAGOother observatio
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TRINIDAD AND TOBAGOand up to TT$8.0
Page 541 and 542:
TURKEYMigration In the absence of t
Page 543 and 544:
TURKS AND CAICOSISLANDSPOPULATION:C
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18-5TURKS AND CAICOSISLANDSturtles.
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TUVALUturtles seen at sea or on the
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USAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNesting
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USAHunting intensity Since the liii
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mydasus PACIFIC ISLANDSJARVISISLAND
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us VIRGIN ISLANDSTrends in nesting
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VANUATUPOPULATION Little informatio
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VENEZUELAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydas
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VENEZUELAforaging in Venezuelan wat
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mydasVIET NAMPOPULATION: Chelonia m
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VIET NAMThe lurtlos grt-w to 12 ini
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WESTERN SAHARANo information availa
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WESTERN SAMOAEXPLOITATIONContimodit
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YEMEN, ARAB REPUBLICPOPULATIONFour
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YEMEN, PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
Page 575 and 576:
mydasYEMEN, PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REP
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ZAIRENo recent information is avail
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Gonioz,ACKNOWLKDGKMEMTSS.W. Garland
Page 582 and 583:
EarthlinesREFERENCESAnon. (I'JSJb).
Page 584 and 585:
ofREFERENCESBalnzB, G.H. (1985b). H
Page 586 and 587:
REFERENCESBrown, R.A., Harvey, G.C.
Page 588 and 589:
iREFERENCESCliffLon, K., Cornejo, D
Page 590 and 591:
REFERENCESFAO (1973). Report to the
Page 592 and 593:
REFERENCESGarnett, M.C. (1979?) The
Page 594 and 595:
REFERENCESHillstead, H.O., Richards
Page 596 and 597:
REFERENCESJenkins, R.W.G. (19/8). T
Page 598 and 599:
REFERENCESLeh, Charles M.U., Poon ,
Page 600 and 601:
REFERENCESMayL, K.ti. (1986). I'rol
Page 602 and 603:
REFERENCESMfosov::Ky, N. (1983). Co
Page 604 and 605:
REFERENCESPritchard, F.C.H. (1982a)
Page 606 and 607:
REFERENCESSchulz, J. P. (1984). Tuf
Page 608 and 609:
CentreREFERENCESUchida, I. (1980).
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