World Status, Exploitation and Trade - WIDECAST

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ANGUILLAprocess of being mined for sand for construction purposes.EXPLOITATIONCommodity The carapaces and meat of Hawlcsbills and Green Turtles weresold locally or on St Martin, and the eggs of all species were takenwhenever they were found (Meylan, 1983). Meylan (1983) reported there wasno local handcraft in tortoiseshellHunting intensity In 1980, only about ten people were engaged in settingnets for turtles (Meylan, 1983). According to Richardson and Gumbs (1984),between five and ten people annually were involved in turtle fishing, thoughnone were exclusively dependent on this activity. Some divers who hadbecome aware of the value of tortoiseshell now concentrated on fishing forHawksbills (Meylan, 1983).Hunting methods The traditional method of setting tangle nets wasapparently dying out due to the increasing cost of net materials andgasoline, and because fishermen were turning to the more lucrative lobsterbusiness. Sea turtles were now predominantly taken by young divers whocombed the reefs in search of lobster, fish and conch. Although they tookturtles opportunistically, the use of spearguns enabled these divers tocatch nearly every turtle they encountered (Meylan, 1983). Meylan (1983)considered the Hawksbill to be by far the most vulnerable species because itshared the habitat of the lobster. Richardson and Gumbs (1984) reportedlanding sites for turtles at Sandy Ground, Island Harbour, Crocus Bay andRendezvous Bay. The turtles landed here were caught by both turtle nets andspear guns.Historical trends As tourism in the region increased, exploitationpressures escalated and, with the growth in the use of spearguns, moreturtles were being killed than ever before (Meylan, 1983).Domestic trade Meylan (1983) described the domestic trade in turtles andturtle products on Anguilla. Green Turtle and Hawksbill meat was soldlocally to individuals and to hotels, the price in 1980 being approximatelyUS$2 a kg. The dried and prepared carapaces of Green Turtles and Hawksbillswere also sold locally, though the volume of trade was considered to besmall. Meylan saw the shells of 15 juvenile Hawksbills and one sub-adultGreen Turtle for sale at various places on Anguilla. All of the Hawksbillshells were below the 9 kg minimum size limit and had, therefore, beencaptured illegally. There appeared to be no trade in turtle eggs,presumably because of their scarcity. Richardson and Gumbs (1984) reportedthe sale of polished carapaces of juvenile Hawksbills at a gift shop inSandy Ground, at the airport and at a restaurant/bar in Island Harbour.International trade Aspects of international trade were also describedby Meylan (1983). Some fishermen sold turtle meat on St Martin, where therewas a steady demand to supply the hotel restaurants. Tortoiseshell was soldto buyers on St Martin or to entrepreneurs from St Thomas and Puerto Rico,who periodically visited Anguilla for this purpose. The price for raw shellin 1980 was US$2 a kg.Anguilla is a British dependency but is not covered by the UK's ratificationof CITES. CITES annual reports for the period 1977-1985 did not record anytrade in sea turtles or their products to or from Anguilla.64
ANGUILLALEGISLATIONTurtle Ordinance Cap. 99, 1 January 1948 establishes a close season from1 June to 30 September inclusive. It is therefore prohibited to take, kill,sell, buy, possess etc. turtles or their eggs or meat between 1 June and30 September. The taking etc. of turtles under 20 lb (9 kg) is prohibitedat all times. [It is not certain whether this ordinance is still in forcesince the independence from St Ki tts-Nevis.65
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A publication of the Secretariat of
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CONTEMTSSARAWAK 314WEST MALAYSIA 31
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INTRODUCTIONSUMMARY1. Recent invest
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INTRODUCTIONoutboard motors, nylon
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.INTRODUCTIONSCOPE AND METHODSThe p
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..INTRODUCTIONshown to deserve form
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INTRODUCTIONMARINE TURTLE BIOLOGY A
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...INTRODUCTIONExcept for the nesti
Page 22: INTRODUCTION5 000 C. mydas nested i
Page 25 and 26: INTRODUCTIONMigration and philopatr
Page 27 and 28: INTRODUCTIONBut harvesting is rarel
Page 29 and 30: ..INTRODUCTIONIf the details of hom
Page 31 and 32: INTRODUCTIONrelatively large averag
Page 33 and 34: INTRODUCTIONMethods ofturtle exploi
Page 35 and 36: INTRODUCTIONextremely heavy harvest
Page 38 and 39: INTRODUCTIONmight otherwise have su
Page 40 and 41: INTRODUCTION"preservationists in th
Page 44 and 45: INTRODUCTIONAlthough in global term
Page 46 and 47: INTRODUCTIONVery large quantities o
Page 48 and 49: I u-> I I I I II l/^ I i CM i I >0
Page 50 and 51: INTRODUCTIONsuggested (e.g. Dodd ,
Page 52 and 53: INTRODOCTIOMone of the recorded cau
Page 54 and 55: INTRODUCTIONNote^: the "indication
Page 56 and 57: INTRODUCTIOMNevertheless, there is
Page 58 and 59: INTRODUCTIONbecause of over-exploit
Page 60 and 61: INTRODUCTIONConservation status and
Page 62 and 63: INTRODUCTIONTable 11, continued.Che
Page 64 and 65: INTRODUCTIONTable 11, continued.Che
Page 67 and 68: AMERICAN SAMOAPOPULATION:Chelonia m
Page 69 and 70: ANGOLAPOPULATION:Chelonla mydasNest
Page 71: ANGUILLAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNe
Page 75 and 76: ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA(1978, cited in
Page 77 and 78: ARUBAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNesti
Page 79 and 80: ASCENSION AND ST HELENAForaging sit
Page 81 and 82: AUSTRALIAAUSTRALIA:QUEENSLANDPOPULA
Page 83 and 84: AUSTEtALIAEXPLOITATIONThe main spec
Page 85 and 86: AUSTEUI.IADomestic trade Commercial
Page 87 and 88: VsAUSTRALIAArchipelago, all off the
Page 89 and 90: AUSTRALIALEGISLATIONWildlife Conser
Page 91 and 92: BAHAMASPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNes
Page 93 and 94: BAHAMASTable 18. Green Turtle and H
Page 95 and 96: BAHRAINGreen Turtles are reported t
Page 97 and 98: BANGLADESHCITES Annual Reports cont
Page 99 and 100: BARBADOSRANCHING/ HATCHERIESAn expe
Page 101 and 102: BELIZEForaging sites Whilst nesting
Page 103 and 104: BELIZEWildlife Protection Act 1981
Page 105 and 106: BERMUDAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNes
Page 107 and 108: BRAZILPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNest
Page 109 and 110: BRAZILPara are said to catch 0.2-0.
Page 111 and 112: BRAZILPortaria No. N-005, 31 Januar
Page 113 and 114: BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORIESFor
Page 115 and 116: BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDSPOPULATION:Ch
Page 117 and 118: BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDSEXPLOITATIONC
Page 119 and 120: BRUNEIPOPULATIONAccording to Harris
Page 121 and 122: BURMAegg collection, now support mi
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BURMATable 30. Marine turtle eggs c
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BURMADomestic trade Most of the egg
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CANARY ISLANDS(SPAIN)There is only
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CAYMAN ISLANDSPOPULATIONThe breedin
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CAYMAN ISLANDSTable 33. Direct expo
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CAYMAN ISLANDSTable 36. Imports of
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CAYMAN ISLANDS(E.G. Roet in litt. t
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CAYMAN ISLANDSThe Marine Conservati
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CHINA,PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OFPOPULATIO
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CHINA,PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OFHistorica
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COLOMBIACOLOMBIA:CASIBBBANPOPULATIO
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COLOMBIAEXPLOITATIONComnodity Green
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COLOMBIAconcerning permits for hunt
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COMORO ISLANDSJune. The peak appear
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CONGONo recent information is avail
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COOK ISLANDSPalmerston. About 50 tu
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COSTA RICATrends in nesting numbers
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COSTA RICATHREATSExploitation of tu
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COSTA RICACOSTA RICA:PACIFICPOPULAT
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CUBAPOPULATION: Chelonia mydas . Kr
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CUBAof 250 kg, 215 kg and 75 kg of
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CYPRUSPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasNes
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CYPRUSLEGISLATIONFisheries Regulati
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IXMnNICAPOPULATION:Chalonla mydasNe
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DOMINICALEGISLATIONTurtle Ordinance
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DOMINICAN REPUBLICTable 52. Estimat
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DOMINICAN REPUBLICTable S3. Officia
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DOMINICAN REPUBLIC"commercial". Thi
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ECUADORTHREATSNo information locate
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ECUADORHurtado notes some movement
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EGYPTEGYPT:MEDITERRANEANPOPULATIONA
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EGYPTcurios, but not, apparently, i
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EQUATORIAL GUINEAEQUATORIAL GUINEA:
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ETHIOPIAPOPULATION: Chelonia mydaa
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FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIAwere
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FIJIPOPULATIOK :Chelonia mydasNesti
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FIJIThere is little qualitative inf
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~H01 «1-1 3^ >Lie0)iH« 2O VI-U g
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FRENCH GUIANAPOPULATION:Chelonla my
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FRENCH GUIANAArrete Prefectoral No.
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FRENCH POLYNESIATable 66. Total tra
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FRENCH POLYNESIAshow exports of 425
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GAMBIANo information is available o
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GRENADA AND THE GRENADIAN GRENADINE
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GRENADA AND THE GRENADIAN GRENADINE
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GUADELOUPE AND DEPENDENCIESNesting
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GUAMPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNestin
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GUATEMALAGUATEMALA:CARIBBEANPOPULAT
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GUATEMALAEXPLOITATIONCommodity Corn
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GUINEA BISSAUNo information availab
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GUYANATHREATSReichart et al (198A)
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HAITIin view of the quantity of tor
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1973
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HAWAIITable
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HONDURASHONDURAS:CARIBBEANPOPULATIO
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HONDURASDomestic trade Green Turtle
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HONDURASestablishes closed seasons,
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HONG KONGTable 75. Sources of impor
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INDIANesting numbers Nesting number
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INDIATable 77. Domestic exports of
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INDIAEXPLOITATIONConmodlty Both C.
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INDIAThe Andamans E. imbricata popu
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INDONESIAPangumbahan (SW Java),beac
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. SulawesiINDONESIATable 81continue
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1INDONESIAharvests are low in the b
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INDONESIAlaid at Pangumbahan. Schul
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mydasINDONESIALemukutanAlthough Sal
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INDONESIATable 88. Known E^ jmbrira
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INDONESIAparts of Riau and in Sulaw
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INDONESIAP. Pesambung, and perhaps
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INDONESIAThe harvest of adult E. im
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1INDONESIAjewellery. Most of the to
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INDONESIAEven allowing for the fact
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INDONESIAJavaHawksbill rearing oper
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0000n00CM0001c o c-P00O03LiOaSILio
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INDONESIATable 97. Percentage by we
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IRANfresh; it seems lilcely that a
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ISRAELPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNest
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iIVORY COASTNo information availabl
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JAMAICAHunting intensity Official S
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JAPANPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNesti
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JAPANHunting methods Host of the tu
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I nIIII c^I u^f^ I i ^I o»—II r^
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I I lO I I I I< I I I10I I I I II I
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KAMPUCHEAAccording to Bourret (1941
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KENYAPOPULAT I ON :Chelonia mydasNe
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KENYAto Japan in 1976, 1977 and 197
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KIRIBATILine and Gilbert groups; Ba
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KIRIBATIcatching 200-300 Green turt
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KOREA,REPUBLIC OFTable 111. Destina
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LIBERIASome nesting by C. mydas has
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MADAGASCARevidence, Europa must mak
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. mydasMADAGASCARTable 112.Madagasc
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MADAGASCARTable llA. Imports of raw
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MALAYSIAMALAYSIA:SABAHPOPULATIOK :C
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MALAYSIA1983 bearing a Philippines
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MALAYSIAlogarithmically transformed
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MALAYSIACustoms (Prohibition of Imp
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MALAYSIATable 122. Reported egg pro
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MALAYSIAThe only period when signif
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MALAYSIAWEST MALAYSIAPOPULATION:Che
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MALAYSIAinterpreting yield data fro
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MALAYSIAand 1978 there was a substa
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MALAYSIATable 131. International tr
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MALAYSIAA fifth hatchery was starte
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MALDIVESNesting season Didi (1983)
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MALDIVESthe 15 000 tourists were es
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MARSHALL ISLANDS.REPUBLIC OFPOPULAT
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HAHTINIQUEPOPULATION :Chelonia myda
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MARTINIQUEDomingue" (Dominican Repu
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MAURITANIAHunting methods Turtles a
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MAURITIUS AND DEPENDENCIESTable 138
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MAURITIUS AND DEPENDENCIESTable 139
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MAYOTTKPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNes
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MAYOTTK1987) recorded A2 shells fro
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MEXICOTable 141. Nest sites and est
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MEXICOTable 1A2. Nest sites and est
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MEXICOCampeche As noted above, Camp
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MEXICOno production at all was reco
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MEXICONesting season Nesting season
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MEXICOUntil the 1950s tortoiseshell
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MEXICO( Chelonia mydas or perhaps E
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MEXICOfigures, and based on an offi
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AtMEXICOalthough Alvarado and Figue
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MEXICOorigin Cayman Islands to Hong
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HONTSERE(ATDomestic trade Jeffers a
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MOZAMBIQUESingar and Mefunvo, near
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NAMIBIAWhile C. mydas is known to e
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NETHERLANDS ANTILLESNETHERLANDS ANT
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NETHERLANDS ANTILLESNETHERLANDS ANT
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NETHERLANDS ANTILLESSt Maarten: Spe
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NEW CALEDONIAPOPULATION:Chelonia my
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NEW CALEDONIAHunting methods Some t
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NICARAGUANICARAGUA:CARIBBEANPOPULAT
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NICASAGUAwages. Nietschmann (1981)
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NICARAGUAThe figures for 1980-82 ac
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NIGERIANo information available. Bo
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NORTHERN MARIANAS,COMMONWEALTH OFPO
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OMANalthough the species compositio
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OMANHistorical trends There is no d
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PAKISTANTable 153. Nesting emergenc
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PAKISTANbakeries who used them in b
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PALAU REPUBLICPOPULATION :Chelonia
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PALAU REPUBLICHunting methods Palau
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PANAMAPANAMA:CARIBBEANPOPULATION:Ch
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PANAMATable 155. Exports of tortols
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PANAMAEXPLOITATIONAccording to Corn
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PAPUA NEW GUINEAfrom West Sepik. Pr
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PAPUA NEW GUINEAinvolves many taboo
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PERUGreen Turtles have never been p
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PHILIPPINESPOPULATION:Chelonia myda
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PHILIPPINESambiguous. Reyes ( in li
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PHILIPPINESHunting intensity In spi
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PHILIPPINESStuffing industry in Zam
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PHILIPPINESTable 166. Imports of "T
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PHILIPPINESThe remaining 60% may be
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PUERTO RICOPOPULATION :Chelonla myd
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PUERTO RICOLEGISLATIONReglajnento D
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REUKION AND ILESBPARSESREUNIONReuni
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REUNION AND ILESEPARSESTable 169. H
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REUNION AND ILESEPARSESTable 169, a
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REUNION AND ILESEPARSESLe Gall et a
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REUNION AND ILBS EPARSBScatch. This
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REUNION AND ILESEPARSESthe surface
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SAO TOME AND PRINCIPEVirtually no r
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SAUDI ARABIANesting numbers No deta
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SAUDI ARABIAMigration No specific i
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ISENEGALPOPULAT I ON :Chelonia myda
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SEYCHELLESPOPULATION:Chelonia mydas
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SEYCHELLESwould thus have included
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SEYCHELLESaround Lhe Mozambiqup Cha
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SEYCHELLESTable 176. continuedFrazi
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SEYCHELLESmeat could have been eate
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SEYCHELLESTable 177. continuedYear
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SEYCHELLESThe Seychelles submitted
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SEYCHELLESotherwise take possession
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SINGAPOREPOPULATIONWhile both C. my
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SINGAPOREwithoul a licence.Import o
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SOLOMON ISLANDSManning Straits midw
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SOLOMON ISLANDSalso been a tendency
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SOMALIAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasNe
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SOMALIAwork, five 20-m nets. Remora
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SOUTH AFRICABoth C. mydas and E. im
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SRILANKAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasN
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SRILANKAHistorical trends Turtle ex
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SRILANKAhave ceased to nest on the
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STKITTS-NBVISTHREATSAccording to To
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ST LUCIAPOPULATION : Chelonia mydas
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STLUCIAA trader from St Lucia, Char
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ST VINCENT AND THE ST VINCENT GRENA
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SUDANPOPULATION :Chelonia mydaaTher
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SURINAMEPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNe
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SURINAHEBigisanti Beach except for
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SURINAMGTable 194. Estimates of the
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SURINAMEA proposal was prepared tuc
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TAIWANTable 196. Destinations of ex
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TANZANIAPOPULATION:Chelonla mydaaNe
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TANZANIAyear. Japanese Customs repo
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THAILANDPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNe
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THAILANDEXPLOITATIONCommodity The p
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THAILANDDomestic trade Turtle eggs
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THAILANDimposed for failure to comp
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TOKBLAUPOPULATION:Chalonla mydasNes
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TONGAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasNest
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TONGAInternational trade Tonga is n
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TRINIDAD AND TOBAGOother observatio
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TRINIDAD AND TOBAGOand up to TT$8.0
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TURKEYMigration In the absence of t
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TURKS AND CAICOSISLANDSPOPULATION:C
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18-5TURKS AND CAICOSISLANDSturtles.
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TUVALUturtles seen at sea or on the
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USAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNesting
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USAHunting intensity Since the liii
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mydasus PACIFIC ISLANDSJARVISISLAND
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us VIRGIN ISLANDSTrends in nesting
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VANUATUPOPULATION Little informatio
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VENEZUELAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydas
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VENEZUELAforaging in Venezuelan wat
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mydasVIET NAMPOPULATION: Chelonia m
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VIET NAMThe lurtlos grt-w to 12 ini
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WESTERN SAHARANo information availa
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WESTERN SAMOAEXPLOITATIONContimodit
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YEMEN, ARAB REPUBLICPOPULATIONFour
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YEMEN, PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
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mydasYEMEN, PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REP
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ZAIRENo recent information is avail
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Gonioz,ACKNOWLKDGKMEMTSS.W. Garland
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EarthlinesREFERENCESAnon. (I'JSJb).
Page 584 and 585:
ofREFERENCESBalnzB, G.H. (1985b). H
Page 586 and 587:
REFERENCESBrown, R.A., Harvey, G.C.
Page 588 and 589:
iREFERENCESCliffLon, K., Cornejo, D
Page 590 and 591:
REFERENCESFAO (1973). Report to the
Page 592 and 593:
REFERENCESGarnett, M.C. (1979?) The
Page 594 and 595:
REFERENCESHillstead, H.O., Richards
Page 596 and 597:
REFERENCESJenkins, R.W.G. (19/8). T
Page 598 and 599:
REFERENCESLeh, Charles M.U., Poon ,
Page 600 and 601:
REFERENCESMayL, K.ti. (1986). I'rol
Page 602 and 603:
REFERENCESMfosov::Ky, N. (1983). Co
Page 604 and 605:
REFERENCESPritchard, F.C.H. (1982a)
Page 606 and 607:
REFERENCESSchulz, J. P. (1984). Tuf
Page 608 and 609:
CentreREFERENCESUchida, I. (1980).
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