World Status, Exploitation and Trade - WIDECAST

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SURINAMEHunting intensity The level of egg harvest is managed by a combinationof legal control and market manipulation. The account that follows isderived partially from Schulz (1975) with recent information fromF.L.J. Baal (pers. comm. , 1986).Eggs may only be collected between 1 March and 31 May, which coincides withthe peak nesting season of C. mydas . but avoids the nesting season ofL. olivacea . During the open season, there is free access to a stretch ofbeach whose limits are determined annually, where virtually all of the eggslaid will be harvested. It is estimated that this amounts to about 7% ofall the nests laid in Suriname. Virtually all of the remaining nesting iswithin nature reserves and areas without free access, and harvesting isunder the control of STINASU. As new beaches are formed in the west, thearea of free access is moved to the west also, and is thus being reduced(Mohadin, in litt. ) . Between Galibi and Matapica River, permits are onlyissued for the collection of eggs from erosion areas. In Galibi Reserve,the local Caribs are employed to collect eggs under a quota system. Theeggs remain the property of STINASU, who then market them in Albina andother towns. In addition to being paid to collect and transport the eggs,the locals receive a revenue for every 1000 eggs collected, which is paiddirectly into village funds. The remuneration received by the Caribs underthis system is probably higher that they would derive from an unlimitedharvest regime, but there has periodically been some resentment of such aninfringement of their traditional rights. In spite of this, control isthought to be good and the quotas are substantially adhered to. It has beenestimated (Anon., 1985e) that the level of illegal egg poaching is about2-5% of the legal harvest.Schulz (1975) detailed the egg harvests taken between 1970 and 1973, seeTable 194. Since then, official reports (Anon. 1985e; Mohadin and Reichart,1984) have stressed that the egg harvests have not exceeded 250 000.Although Reichart ( in litt. , 13 September 1984) has indicated that harvestsof 300 000-400 000 eggs have regularly been taken, Mohadin ( in litt. ,17 October 1988) pointed out that this resulted from a misinterpretation ofthe harvest data and reaffirmed that harvest of C. mydas has not reachedthese levels. The 1984 harvest did amount to 400 000 eggs but comprised225 000 C . mydas and 175 000 Dermochelys eggs, and this total was far lowerthan the number that would have been destroyed by erosion and inundation(Mohadin, in litt . ) . Leatherback eggs have also been harvested in 1986 and1987. These reports imply that the annual levels of harvest have beenaround 27-69% of the total eggs laid each year (see Table 19A). Attemptsare apparently being made gradually to reduce the quotas under negotiationwith the locals.Hunting methods No hunting techniques have been documented except forthe collection of eggs and, prior to 1964 at least, of nesting females fromthe beaches.Historical trends Schulz (1975) documented the early history of turtleexploitation in Suriname. Green Turtles were killed for meat as early as1686, but not on a large scale until just before World War II. At that time,a merchant in Albina operated an export trade in Green Turtles, possiblytaking as many as 3000 turtles in 1938 and 1939. The trade stopped in 1940and has not been resumed. Poachers continued to take small numbers ofnesting turtles along the coast during the 1950s, but the main exploitationhas always been of eggs. The intensity of egg collection graduallyincreased under the influence of growing demand and rising prices until, in1967, it was estimated that 90% of all the eggs laid by C._niydas and a504
SURINAMGTable 194. Estimates of the total number of eggs laid, the number legallyharvested and the percentage of total production that this represents. Alsogiven are the number of doomed eggs transplanted, the hatching success ofthese transplanted eggs, and the numbers of hatchlings retained for rearingin the ranch: 1970 1973 from Schulz (1975); 1978 1982 from Mohadin andReichart (1984); 198A 1985 from F.L.J. Baal (in l itt . . 1986) 1983, 1986 1987data from K. Mohadin ( in li tt . , 17 October 1988). Figures in brackets werecalculated from the number of nests (see Table 192), assuming an averageclutch size of 138 (Schulz, 1975).Year
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A publication of the Secretariat of
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CONTEMTSSARAWAK 314WEST MALAYSIA 31
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INTRODUCTIONSUMMARY1. Recent invest
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INTRODUCTIONoutboard motors, nylon
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.INTRODUCTIONSCOPE AND METHODSThe p
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..INTRODUCTIONshown to deserve form
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INTRODUCTIONMARINE TURTLE BIOLOGY A
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...INTRODUCTIONExcept for the nesti
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INTRODUCTION5 000 C. mydas nested i
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INTRODUCTIONMigration and philopatr
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INTRODUCTIONBut harvesting is rarel
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..INTRODUCTIONIf the details of hom
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INTRODUCTIONrelatively large averag
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INTRODUCTIONMethods ofturtle exploi
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INTRODUCTIONextremely heavy harvest
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INTRODUCTIONmight otherwise have su
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INTRODUCTION"preservationists in th
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INTRODUCTIONAlthough in global term
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INTRODUCTIONVery large quantities o
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I u-> I I I I II l/^ I i CM i I >0
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INTRODUCTIONsuggested (e.g. Dodd ,
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INTRODOCTIOMone of the recorded cau
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INTRODUCTIONNote^: the "indication
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INTRODUCTIOMNevertheless, there is
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INTRODUCTIONbecause of over-exploit
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INTRODUCTIONConservation status and
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INTRODUCTIONTable 11, continued.Che
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INTRODUCTIONTable 11, continued.Che
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AMERICAN SAMOAPOPULATION:Chelonia m
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ANGOLAPOPULATION:Chelonla mydasNest
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ANGUILLAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNe
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ANGUILLALEGISLATIONTurtle Ordinance
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ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA(1978, cited in
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ARUBAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNesti
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ASCENSION AND ST HELENAForaging sit
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AUSTRALIAAUSTRALIA:QUEENSLANDPOPULA
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AUSTEtALIAEXPLOITATIONThe main spec
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AUSTEUI.IADomestic trade Commercial
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VsAUSTRALIAArchipelago, all off the
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AUSTRALIALEGISLATIONWildlife Conser
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BAHAMASPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNes
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BAHAMASTable 18. Green Turtle and H
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BAHRAINGreen Turtles are reported t
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BANGLADESHCITES Annual Reports cont
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BARBADOSRANCHING/ HATCHERIESAn expe
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BELIZEForaging sites Whilst nesting
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BELIZEWildlife Protection Act 1981
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BERMUDAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNes
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BRAZILPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNest
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BRAZILPara are said to catch 0.2-0.
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BRAZILPortaria No. N-005, 31 Januar
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BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORIESFor
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BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDSPOPULATION:Ch
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BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDSEXPLOITATIONC
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BRUNEIPOPULATIONAccording to Harris
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BURMAegg collection, now support mi
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BURMATable 30. Marine turtle eggs c
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BURMADomestic trade Most of the egg
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CANARY ISLANDS(SPAIN)There is only
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CAYMAN ISLANDSPOPULATIONThe breedin
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CAYMAN ISLANDSTable 33. Direct expo
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CAYMAN ISLANDSTable 36. Imports of
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CAYMAN ISLANDS(E.G. Roet in litt. t
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CAYMAN ISLANDSThe Marine Conservati
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CHINA,PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OFPOPULATIO
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CHINA,PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OFHistorica
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COLOMBIACOLOMBIA:CASIBBBANPOPULATIO
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COLOMBIAEXPLOITATIONComnodity Green
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COLOMBIAconcerning permits for hunt
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COMORO ISLANDSJune. The peak appear
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CONGONo recent information is avail
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COOK ISLANDSPalmerston. About 50 tu
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COSTA RICATrends in nesting numbers
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COSTA RICATHREATSExploitation of tu
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COSTA RICACOSTA RICA:PACIFICPOPULAT
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CUBAPOPULATION: Chelonia mydas . Kr
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CUBAof 250 kg, 215 kg and 75 kg of
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CYPRUSPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasNes
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CYPRUSLEGISLATIONFisheries Regulati
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IXMnNICAPOPULATION:Chalonla mydasNe
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DOMINICALEGISLATIONTurtle Ordinance
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DOMINICAN REPUBLICTable 52. Estimat
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DOMINICAN REPUBLICTable S3. Officia
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DOMINICAN REPUBLIC"commercial". Thi
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ECUADORTHREATSNo information locate
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ECUADORHurtado notes some movement
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EGYPTEGYPT:MEDITERRANEANPOPULATIONA
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EGYPTcurios, but not, apparently, i
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EQUATORIAL GUINEAEQUATORIAL GUINEA:
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ETHIOPIAPOPULATION: Chelonia mydaa
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FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIAwere
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FIJIPOPULATIOK :Chelonia mydasNesti
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FIJIThere is little qualitative inf
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~H01 «1-1 3^ >Lie0)iH« 2O VI-U g
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FRENCH GUIANAPOPULATION:Chelonla my
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FRENCH GUIANAArrete Prefectoral No.
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FRENCH POLYNESIATable 66. Total tra
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FRENCH POLYNESIAshow exports of 425
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GAMBIANo information is available o
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GRENADA AND THE GRENADIAN GRENADINE
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GRENADA AND THE GRENADIAN GRENADINE
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GUADELOUPE AND DEPENDENCIESNesting
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GUAMPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNestin
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GUATEMALAGUATEMALA:CARIBBEANPOPULAT
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GUATEMALAEXPLOITATIONCommodity Corn
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GUINEA BISSAUNo information availab
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GUYANATHREATSReichart et al (198A)
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HAITIin view of the quantity of tor
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1973
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HAWAIITable
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HONDURASHONDURAS:CARIBBEANPOPULATIO
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HONDURASDomestic trade Green Turtle
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HONDURASestablishes closed seasons,
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HONG KONGTable 75. Sources of impor
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INDIANesting numbers Nesting number
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INDIATable 77. Domestic exports of
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INDIAEXPLOITATIONConmodlty Both C.
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INDIAThe Andamans E. imbricata popu
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INDONESIAPangumbahan (SW Java),beac
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. SulawesiINDONESIATable 81continue
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1INDONESIAharvests are low in the b
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INDONESIAlaid at Pangumbahan. Schul
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mydasINDONESIALemukutanAlthough Sal
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INDONESIATable 88. Known E^ jmbrira
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INDONESIAparts of Riau and in Sulaw
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INDONESIAP. Pesambung, and perhaps
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INDONESIAThe harvest of adult E. im
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1INDONESIAjewellery. Most of the to
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INDONESIAEven allowing for the fact
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INDONESIAJavaHawksbill rearing oper
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0000n00CM0001c o c-P00O03LiOaSILio
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INDONESIATable 97. Percentage by we
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IRANfresh; it seems lilcely that a
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ISRAELPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNest
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iIVORY COASTNo information availabl
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JAMAICAHunting intensity Official S
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JAPANPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNesti
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JAPANHunting methods Host of the tu
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I nIIII c^I u^f^ I i ^I o»—II r^
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I I lO I I I I< I I I10I I I I II I
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KAMPUCHEAAccording to Bourret (1941
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KENYAPOPULAT I ON :Chelonia mydasNe
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KENYAto Japan in 1976, 1977 and 197
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KIRIBATILine and Gilbert groups; Ba
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KIRIBATIcatching 200-300 Green turt
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KOREA,REPUBLIC OFTable 111. Destina
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LIBERIASome nesting by C. mydas has
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MADAGASCARevidence, Europa must mak
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. mydasMADAGASCARTable 112.Madagasc
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MADAGASCARTable llA. Imports of raw
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MALAYSIAMALAYSIA:SABAHPOPULATIOK :C
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MALAYSIA1983 bearing a Philippines
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MALAYSIAlogarithmically transformed
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MALAYSIACustoms (Prohibition of Imp
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MALAYSIATable 122. Reported egg pro
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MALAYSIAThe only period when signif
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MALAYSIAWEST MALAYSIAPOPULATION:Che
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MALAYSIAinterpreting yield data fro
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MALAYSIAand 1978 there was a substa
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MALAYSIATable 131. International tr
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MALAYSIAA fifth hatchery was starte
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MALDIVESNesting season Didi (1983)
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MALDIVESthe 15 000 tourists were es
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MARSHALL ISLANDS.REPUBLIC OFPOPULAT
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HAHTINIQUEPOPULATION :Chelonia myda
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MARTINIQUEDomingue" (Dominican Repu
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MAURITANIAHunting methods Turtles a
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MAURITIUS AND DEPENDENCIESTable 138
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MAURITIUS AND DEPENDENCIESTable 139
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MAYOTTKPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNes
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MAYOTTK1987) recorded A2 shells fro
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MEXICOTable 141. Nest sites and est
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MEXICOTable 1A2. Nest sites and est
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MEXICOCampeche As noted above, Camp
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MEXICOno production at all was reco
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MEXICONesting season Nesting season
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MEXICOUntil the 1950s tortoiseshell
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MEXICO( Chelonia mydas or perhaps E
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MEXICOfigures, and based on an offi
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AtMEXICOalthough Alvarado and Figue
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MEXICOorigin Cayman Islands to Hong
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HONTSERE(ATDomestic trade Jeffers a
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MOZAMBIQUESingar and Mefunvo, near
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NAMIBIAWhile C. mydas is known to e
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NETHERLANDS ANTILLESNETHERLANDS ANT
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NETHERLANDS ANTILLESNETHERLANDS ANT
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NETHERLANDS ANTILLESSt Maarten: Spe
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NEW CALEDONIAPOPULATION:Chelonia my
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NEW CALEDONIAHunting methods Some t
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NICARAGUANICARAGUA:CARIBBEANPOPULAT
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NICASAGUAwages. Nietschmann (1981)
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NICARAGUAThe figures for 1980-82 ac
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NIGERIANo information available. Bo
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NORTHERN MARIANAS,COMMONWEALTH OFPO
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OMANalthough the species compositio
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OMANHistorical trends There is no d
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PAKISTANTable 153. Nesting emergenc
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PAKISTANbakeries who used them in b
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PALAU REPUBLICPOPULATION :Chelonia
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PALAU REPUBLICHunting methods Palau
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PANAMAPANAMA:CARIBBEANPOPULATION:Ch
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PANAMATable 155. Exports of tortols
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PANAMAEXPLOITATIONAccording to Corn
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PAPUA NEW GUINEAfrom West Sepik. Pr
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PAPUA NEW GUINEAinvolves many taboo
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PERUGreen Turtles have never been p
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PHILIPPINESPOPULATION:Chelonia myda
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PHILIPPINESambiguous. Reyes ( in li
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PHILIPPINESHunting intensity In spi
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PHILIPPINESStuffing industry in Zam
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PHILIPPINESTable 166. Imports of "T
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PHILIPPINESThe remaining 60% may be
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PUERTO RICOPOPULATION :Chelonla myd
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PUERTO RICOLEGISLATIONReglajnento D
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REUKION AND ILESBPARSESREUNIONReuni
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REUNION AND ILESEPARSESTable 169. H
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REUNION AND ILESEPARSESTable 169, a
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REUNION AND ILESEPARSESLe Gall et a
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REUNION AND ILBS EPARSBScatch. This
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REUNION AND ILESEPARSESthe surface
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SAO TOME AND PRINCIPEVirtually no r
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SAUDI ARABIANesting numbers No deta
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SAUDI ARABIAMigration No specific i
Page 461 and 462: ISENEGALPOPULAT I ON :Chelonia myda
Page 463 and 464: SEYCHELLESPOPULATION:Chelonia mydas
Page 465 and 466: SEYCHELLESwould thus have included
Page 467 and 468: SEYCHELLESaround Lhe Mozambiqup Cha
Page 469 and 470: SEYCHELLESTable 176. continuedFrazi
Page 471 and 472: SEYCHELLESmeat could have been eate
Page 473 and 474: SEYCHELLESTable 177. continuedYear
Page 475 and 476: SEYCHELLESThe Seychelles submitted
Page 477 and 478: SEYCHELLESotherwise take possession
Page 479 and 480: SINGAPOREPOPULATIONWhile both C. my
Page 481 and 482: SINGAPOREwithoul a licence.Import o
Page 483 and 484: SOLOMON ISLANDSManning Straits midw
Page 485 and 486: SOLOMON ISLANDSalso been a tendency
Page 487 and 488: SOMALIAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasNe
Page 489 and 490: SOMALIAwork, five 20-m nets. Remora
Page 491 and 492: SOUTH AFRICABoth C. mydas and E. im
Page 493 and 494: SRILANKAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasN
Page 495 and 496: SRILANKAHistorical trends Turtle ex
Page 497 and 498: SRILANKAhave ceased to nest on the
Page 499 and 500: STKITTS-NBVISTHREATSAccording to To
Page 501 and 502: ST LUCIAPOPULATION : Chelonia mydas
Page 503 and 504: STLUCIAA trader from St Lucia, Char
Page 505 and 506: ST VINCENT AND THE ST VINCENT GRENA
Page 507 and 508: SUDANPOPULATION :Chelonia mydaaTher
Page 509 and 510: SURINAMEPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNe
Page 511: SURINAHEBigisanti Beach except for
Page 515 and 516: SURINAMEA proposal was prepared tuc
Page 517 and 518: TAIWANTable 196. Destinations of ex
Page 519 and 520: TANZANIAPOPULATION:Chelonla mydaaNe
Page 521 and 522: TANZANIAyear. Japanese Customs repo
Page 523 and 524: THAILANDPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNe
Page 525 and 526: THAILANDEXPLOITATIONCommodity The p
Page 527 and 528: THAILANDDomestic trade Turtle eggs
Page 529 and 530: THAILANDimposed for failure to comp
Page 531 and 532: TOKBLAUPOPULATION:Chalonla mydasNes
Page 533 and 534: TONGAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasNest
Page 535 and 536: TONGAInternational trade Tonga is n
Page 537 and 538: TRINIDAD AND TOBAGOother observatio
Page 539 and 540: TRINIDAD AND TOBAGOand up to TT$8.0
Page 541 and 542: TURKEYMigration In the absence of t
Page 543 and 544: TURKS AND CAICOSISLANDSPOPULATION:C
Page 545 and 546: 18-5TURKS AND CAICOSISLANDSturtles.
Page 547 and 548: TUVALUturtles seen at sea or on the
Page 549 and 550: USAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNesting
Page 551 and 552: USAHunting intensity Since the liii
Page 553 and 554: mydasus PACIFIC ISLANDSJARVISISLAND
Page 555 and 556: us VIRGIN ISLANDSTrends in nesting
Page 557 and 558: VANUATUPOPULATION Little informatio
Page 559 and 560: VENEZUELAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydas
Page 561 and 562: VENEZUELAforaging in Venezuelan wat
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mydasVIET NAMPOPULATION: Chelonia m
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VIET NAMThe lurtlos grt-w to 12 ini
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WESTERN SAHARANo information availa
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WESTERN SAMOAEXPLOITATIONContimodit
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YEMEN, ARAB REPUBLICPOPULATIONFour
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YEMEN, PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
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mydasYEMEN, PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REP
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ZAIRENo recent information is avail
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Gonioz,ACKNOWLKDGKMEMTSS.W. Garland
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EarthlinesREFERENCESAnon. (I'JSJb).
Page 584 and 585:
ofREFERENCESBalnzB, G.H. (1985b). H
Page 586 and 587:
REFERENCESBrown, R.A., Harvey, G.C.
Page 588 and 589:
iREFERENCESCliffLon, K., Cornejo, D
Page 590 and 591:
REFERENCESFAO (1973). Report to the
Page 592 and 593:
REFERENCESGarnett, M.C. (1979?) The
Page 594 and 595:
REFERENCESHillstead, H.O., Richards
Page 596 and 597:
REFERENCESJenkins, R.W.G. (19/8). T
Page 598 and 599:
REFERENCESLeh, Charles M.U., Poon ,
Page 600 and 601:
REFERENCESMayL, K.ti. (1986). I'rol
Page 602 and 603:
REFERENCESMfosov::Ky, N. (1983). Co
Page 604 and 605:
REFERENCESPritchard, F.C.H. (1982a)
Page 606 and 607:
REFERENCESSchulz, J. P. (1984). Tuf
Page 608 and 609:
CentreREFERENCESUchida, I. (1980).
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