World Status, Exploitation and Trade - WIDECAST

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JAPANHunting methods Host of the turtles are caught by harpoon or are turnedon the nesting beaches. Nets are not used In Ogasawara (H. Tachikawa andH. Suganuma in litt , 19 December 1986).Historical trends The longest records of turtle catches are from theOgasawara Islands. Americans and Europeans settled on the islands in 1830primarily to catch turtles. The Islands were ceded to the Japanese in 1876,and catch records were kept from 1880 onwards. Kurata (1979) plotted theannual catches of C. mydas from 1880 to 1979. There was a gradual declinefrom 1850 turtles in 1880 to about 100 in 1923. From then to 1975, thecatch fluctuated below about 200 (mostly below 100) . A slight increaseappeared to take place from 1976 onwards (see Table 100). Uchida (1982)reported that the turtle fishery in the Kagoshima, Wakayama and KouchiPrefectures seemed to have begun only after World War II.Domestic trade Milliken and Tokunaga (1987a) have described the domestictrade in turtle products in Japan in considerable detail. The main use isthe carving of the shell of E. imbricata into jewellery and otherornaments. Stuffed turtles, both E. imbricata and C. mydas , have becomepopular since the 1970s, and are considered to be a symbol of good luck andlongevity.International trade Japan is the world's largest importer ofE. imbricata shell. Imports of turtle products are recorded in Customsstatistics under various categories which are set out in Table 101. Importsof these commodities are given in Tables 102-106. Milliken and Tokunaga(1987a) analysed the various products included in each of these categoriesand concluded that "bekko" (Table 102) represented almost exclusively theunworked shell of E. imbricata , the shell from one animal averaging 1.06 kgin weight. The "other tortoiseshell" (Table 103) represented chiefly theunworked shell of C. mydas , and was of very minor importance. "Workedbekko" (Table 104) comprised almost entirely whole, stuffed E. imbricata ,each animal having an average weight of around 1.15 kg. "Workedtortoiseshell, not elsewhere specified" (Table 105) was mostly whole,stuffed C. mydas interspersed with a few C. caretta , having an averageweight of 2.4-2.6 kg per specimen. "Turtle skins" (Table 106) wereuntanned, usually wet-salted skins of L. olivacea and C. mydas , while"Turtle leather" (Table 107) were tanned skins of the same two species.RANCHING/HATCHERIESTurtle hatcheries were operated in the Ogasawara Islands from 1910 until1939 in response to fears of falling turtle populations. Over this period,some AO 000 turtles were released. The hatchery closed down during the warbut resumed in 1972 (Kurata, 1979). From 1975 to 1981 it released 61 528hatchlings, and from 1982 to 198A a further 36 601, with an overall hatchingsuccess rate of 73% (Suganuma, 1985).LEGISLATIONTachikawa and Suganuma ( in litt . , 19 December 1986) summarisedlegislation passed by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government protectingturtles in Japan:All turtle fishing is prohibited in June and July.Collection of eggs is prohibited.Capture of turtles of less than 75 cm C.C.L. is prohibited.thesea278
"t-cE3iHOU(J0)
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A publication of the Secretariat of
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CONTEMTSSARAWAK 314WEST MALAYSIA 31
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INTRODUCTIONSUMMARY1. Recent invest
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INTRODUCTIONoutboard motors, nylon
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.INTRODUCTIONSCOPE AND METHODSThe p
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..INTRODUCTIONshown to deserve form
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INTRODUCTIONMARINE TURTLE BIOLOGY A
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...INTRODUCTIONExcept for the nesti
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INTRODUCTION5 000 C. mydas nested i
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INTRODUCTIONMigration and philopatr
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INTRODUCTIONBut harvesting is rarel
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..INTRODUCTIONIf the details of hom
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INTRODUCTIONrelatively large averag
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INTRODUCTIONMethods ofturtle exploi
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INTRODUCTIONextremely heavy harvest
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INTRODUCTIONmight otherwise have su
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INTRODUCTION"preservationists in th
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INTRODUCTIONAlthough in global term
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INTRODUCTIONVery large quantities o
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I u-> I I I I II l/^ I i CM i I >0
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INTRODUCTIONsuggested (e.g. Dodd ,
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INTRODOCTIOMone of the recorded cau
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INTRODUCTIONNote^: the "indication
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INTRODUCTIOMNevertheless, there is
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INTRODUCTIONbecause of over-exploit
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INTRODUCTIONConservation status and
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INTRODUCTIONTable 11, continued.Che
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INTRODUCTIONTable 11, continued.Che
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AMERICAN SAMOAPOPULATION:Chelonia m
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ANGOLAPOPULATION:Chelonla mydasNest
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ANGUILLAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNe
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ANGUILLALEGISLATIONTurtle Ordinance
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ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA(1978, cited in
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ARUBAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNesti
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ASCENSION AND ST HELENAForaging sit
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AUSTRALIAAUSTRALIA:QUEENSLANDPOPULA
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AUSTEtALIAEXPLOITATIONThe main spec
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AUSTEUI.IADomestic trade Commercial
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VsAUSTRALIAArchipelago, all off the
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AUSTRALIALEGISLATIONWildlife Conser
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BAHAMASPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNes
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BAHAMASTable 18. Green Turtle and H
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BAHRAINGreen Turtles are reported t
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BANGLADESHCITES Annual Reports cont
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BARBADOSRANCHING/ HATCHERIESAn expe
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BELIZEForaging sites Whilst nesting
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BELIZEWildlife Protection Act 1981
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BERMUDAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNes
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BRAZILPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNest
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BRAZILPara are said to catch 0.2-0.
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BRAZILPortaria No. N-005, 31 Januar
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BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORIESFor
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BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDSPOPULATION:Ch
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BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDSEXPLOITATIONC
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BRUNEIPOPULATIONAccording to Harris
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BURMAegg collection, now support mi
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BURMATable 30. Marine turtle eggs c
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BURMADomestic trade Most of the egg
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CANARY ISLANDS(SPAIN)There is only
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CAYMAN ISLANDSPOPULATIONThe breedin
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CAYMAN ISLANDSTable 33. Direct expo
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CAYMAN ISLANDSTable 36. Imports of
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CAYMAN ISLANDS(E.G. Roet in litt. t
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CAYMAN ISLANDSThe Marine Conservati
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CHINA,PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OFPOPULATIO
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CHINA,PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OFHistorica
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COLOMBIACOLOMBIA:CASIBBBANPOPULATIO
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COLOMBIAEXPLOITATIONComnodity Green
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COLOMBIAconcerning permits for hunt
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COMORO ISLANDSJune. The peak appear
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CONGONo recent information is avail
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COOK ISLANDSPalmerston. About 50 tu
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COSTA RICATrends in nesting numbers
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COSTA RICATHREATSExploitation of tu
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COSTA RICACOSTA RICA:PACIFICPOPULAT
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CUBAPOPULATION: Chelonia mydas . Kr
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CUBAof 250 kg, 215 kg and 75 kg of
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CYPRUSPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasNes
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CYPRUSLEGISLATIONFisheries Regulati
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IXMnNICAPOPULATION:Chalonla mydasNe
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DOMINICALEGISLATIONTurtle Ordinance
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DOMINICAN REPUBLICTable 52. Estimat
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DOMINICAN REPUBLICTable S3. Officia
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DOMINICAN REPUBLIC"commercial". Thi
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ECUADORTHREATSNo information locate
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ECUADORHurtado notes some movement
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EGYPTEGYPT:MEDITERRANEANPOPULATIONA
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EGYPTcurios, but not, apparently, i
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EQUATORIAL GUINEAEQUATORIAL GUINEA:
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ETHIOPIAPOPULATION: Chelonia mydaa
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FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIAwere
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FIJIPOPULATIOK :Chelonia mydasNesti
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FIJIThere is little qualitative inf
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~H01 «1-1 3^ >Lie0)iH« 2O VI-U g
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FRENCH GUIANAPOPULATION:Chelonla my
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FRENCH GUIANAArrete Prefectoral No.
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FRENCH POLYNESIATable 66. Total tra
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FRENCH POLYNESIAshow exports of 425
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GAMBIANo information is available o
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GRENADA AND THE GRENADIAN GRENADINE
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GRENADA AND THE GRENADIAN GRENADINE
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GUADELOUPE AND DEPENDENCIESNesting
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GUAMPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNestin
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GUATEMALAGUATEMALA:CARIBBEANPOPULAT
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GUATEMALAEXPLOITATIONCommodity Corn
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GUINEA BISSAUNo information availab
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GUYANATHREATSReichart et al (198A)
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HAITIin view of the quantity of tor
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1973
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HAWAIITable
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HONDURASHONDURAS:CARIBBEANPOPULATIO
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HONDURASDomestic trade Green Turtle
Page 236 and 237: HONDURASestablishes closed seasons,
Page 238 and 239: HONG KONGTable 75. Sources of impor
Page 240 and 241: INDIANesting numbers Nesting number
Page 242 and 243: INDIATable 77. Domestic exports of
Page 244 and 245: INDIAEXPLOITATIONConmodlty Both C.
Page 246 and 247: INDIAThe Andamans E. imbricata popu
Page 248 and 249: INDONESIAPangumbahan (SW Java),beac
Page 250 and 251: . SulawesiINDONESIATable 81continue
Page 252 and 253: 1INDONESIAharvests are low in the b
Page 254 and 255: INDONESIAlaid at Pangumbahan. Schul
Page 256 and 257: mydasINDONESIALemukutanAlthough Sal
Page 258 and 259: INDONESIATable 88. Known E^ jmbrira
Page 260 and 261: INDONESIAparts of Riau and in Sulaw
Page 262 and 263: INDONESIAP. Pesambung, and perhaps
Page 264 and 265: INDONESIAThe harvest of adult E. im
Page 266 and 267: 1INDONESIAjewellery. Most of the to
Page 268 and 269: INDONESIAEven allowing for the fact
Page 270 and 271: INDONESIAJavaHawksbill rearing oper
Page 272 and 273: 0000n00CM0001c o c-P00O03LiOaSILio
Page 274 and 275: INDONESIATable 97. Percentage by we
Page 276 and 277: IRANfresh; it seems lilcely that a
Page 278 and 279: ISRAELPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNest
Page 280 and 281: iIVORY COASTNo information availabl
Page 282 and 283: JAMAICAHunting intensity Official S
Page 284 and 285: JAPANPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNesti
Page 288 and 289: I nIIII c^I u^f^ I i ^I o»—II r^
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Page 295 and 296: KAMPUCHEAAccording to Bourret (1941
Page 297 and 298: KENYAPOPULAT I ON :Chelonia mydasNe
Page 299 and 300: KENYAto Japan in 1976, 1977 and 197
Page 301 and 302: KIRIBATILine and Gilbert groups; Ba
Page 303 and 304: KIRIBATIcatching 200-300 Green turt
Page 305 and 306: KOREA,REPUBLIC OFTable 111. Destina
Page 307 and 308: LIBERIASome nesting by C. mydas has
Page 309 and 310: MADAGASCARevidence, Europa must mak
Page 311 and 312: . mydasMADAGASCARTable 112.Madagasc
Page 313 and 314: MADAGASCARTable llA. Imports of raw
Page 315 and 316: MALAYSIAMALAYSIA:SABAHPOPULATIOK :C
Page 317 and 318: MALAYSIA1983 bearing a Philippines
Page 319 and 320: MALAYSIAlogarithmically transformed
Page 321 and 322: MALAYSIACustoms (Prohibition of Imp
Page 323 and 324: MALAYSIATable 122. Reported egg pro
Page 325 and 326: MALAYSIAThe only period when signif
Page 327 and 328: MALAYSIAWEST MALAYSIAPOPULATION:Che
Page 329 and 330: MALAYSIAinterpreting yield data fro
Page 331 and 332: MALAYSIAand 1978 there was a substa
Page 333 and 334: MALAYSIATable 131. International tr
Page 335 and 336: MALAYSIAA fifth hatchery was starte
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MALDIVESNesting season Didi (1983)
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MALDIVESthe 15 000 tourists were es
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MARSHALL ISLANDS.REPUBLIC OFPOPULAT
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HAHTINIQUEPOPULATION :Chelonia myda
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MARTINIQUEDomingue" (Dominican Repu
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MAURITANIAHunting methods Turtles a
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MAURITIUS AND DEPENDENCIESTable 138
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MAURITIUS AND DEPENDENCIESTable 139
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MAYOTTKPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNes
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MAYOTTK1987) recorded A2 shells fro
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MEXICOTable 141. Nest sites and est
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MEXICOTable 1A2. Nest sites and est
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MEXICOCampeche As noted above, Camp
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MEXICOno production at all was reco
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MEXICONesting season Nesting season
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MEXICOUntil the 1950s tortoiseshell
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MEXICO( Chelonia mydas or perhaps E
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MEXICOfigures, and based on an offi
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AtMEXICOalthough Alvarado and Figue
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MEXICOorigin Cayman Islands to Hong
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HONTSERE(ATDomestic trade Jeffers a
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MOZAMBIQUESingar and Mefunvo, near
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NAMIBIAWhile C. mydas is known to e
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NETHERLANDS ANTILLESNETHERLANDS ANT
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NETHERLANDS ANTILLESNETHERLANDS ANT
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NETHERLANDS ANTILLESSt Maarten: Spe
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NEW CALEDONIAPOPULATION:Chelonia my
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NEW CALEDONIAHunting methods Some t
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NICARAGUANICARAGUA:CARIBBEANPOPULAT
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NICASAGUAwages. Nietschmann (1981)
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NICARAGUAThe figures for 1980-82 ac
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NIGERIANo information available. Bo
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NORTHERN MARIANAS,COMMONWEALTH OFPO
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OMANalthough the species compositio
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OMANHistorical trends There is no d
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PAKISTANTable 153. Nesting emergenc
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PAKISTANbakeries who used them in b
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PALAU REPUBLICPOPULATION :Chelonia
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PALAU REPUBLICHunting methods Palau
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PANAMAPANAMA:CARIBBEANPOPULATION:Ch
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PANAMATable 155. Exports of tortols
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PANAMAEXPLOITATIONAccording to Corn
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PAPUA NEW GUINEAfrom West Sepik. Pr
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PAPUA NEW GUINEAinvolves many taboo
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PERUGreen Turtles have never been p
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PHILIPPINESPOPULATION:Chelonia myda
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PHILIPPINESambiguous. Reyes ( in li
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PHILIPPINESHunting intensity In spi
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PHILIPPINESStuffing industry in Zam
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PHILIPPINESTable 166. Imports of "T
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PHILIPPINESThe remaining 60% may be
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PUERTO RICOPOPULATION :Chelonla myd
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PUERTO RICOLEGISLATIONReglajnento D
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REUKION AND ILESBPARSESREUNIONReuni
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REUNION AND ILESEPARSESTable 169. H
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REUNION AND ILESEPARSESTable 169, a
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REUNION AND ILESEPARSESLe Gall et a
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REUNION AND ILBS EPARSBScatch. This
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REUNION AND ILESEPARSESthe surface
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SAO TOME AND PRINCIPEVirtually no r
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SAUDI ARABIANesting numbers No deta
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SAUDI ARABIAMigration No specific i
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ISENEGALPOPULAT I ON :Chelonia myda
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SEYCHELLESPOPULATION:Chelonia mydas
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SEYCHELLESwould thus have included
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SEYCHELLESaround Lhe Mozambiqup Cha
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SEYCHELLESTable 176. continuedFrazi
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SEYCHELLESmeat could have been eate
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SEYCHELLESTable 177. continuedYear
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SEYCHELLESThe Seychelles submitted
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SEYCHELLESotherwise take possession
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SINGAPOREPOPULATIONWhile both C. my
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SINGAPOREwithoul a licence.Import o
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SOLOMON ISLANDSManning Straits midw
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SOLOMON ISLANDSalso been a tendency
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SOMALIAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasNe
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SOMALIAwork, five 20-m nets. Remora
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SOUTH AFRICABoth C. mydas and E. im
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SRILANKAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasN
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SRILANKAHistorical trends Turtle ex
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SRILANKAhave ceased to nest on the
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STKITTS-NBVISTHREATSAccording to To
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ST LUCIAPOPULATION : Chelonia mydas
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STLUCIAA trader from St Lucia, Char
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ST VINCENT AND THE ST VINCENT GRENA
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SUDANPOPULATION :Chelonia mydaaTher
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SURINAMEPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNe
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SURINAHEBigisanti Beach except for
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SURINAMGTable 194. Estimates of the
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SURINAMEA proposal was prepared tuc
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TAIWANTable 196. Destinations of ex
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TANZANIAPOPULATION:Chelonla mydaaNe
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TANZANIAyear. Japanese Customs repo
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THAILANDPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNe
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THAILANDEXPLOITATIONCommodity The p
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THAILANDDomestic trade Turtle eggs
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THAILANDimposed for failure to comp
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TOKBLAUPOPULATION:Chalonla mydasNes
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TONGAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasNest
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TONGAInternational trade Tonga is n
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TRINIDAD AND TOBAGOother observatio
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TRINIDAD AND TOBAGOand up to TT$8.0
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TURKEYMigration In the absence of t
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TURKS AND CAICOSISLANDSPOPULATION:C
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18-5TURKS AND CAICOSISLANDSturtles.
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TUVALUturtles seen at sea or on the
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USAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNesting
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USAHunting intensity Since the liii
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mydasus PACIFIC ISLANDSJARVISISLAND
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us VIRGIN ISLANDSTrends in nesting
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VANUATUPOPULATION Little informatio
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VENEZUELAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydas
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VENEZUELAforaging in Venezuelan wat
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mydasVIET NAMPOPULATION: Chelonia m
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VIET NAMThe lurtlos grt-w to 12 ini
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WESTERN SAHARANo information availa
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WESTERN SAMOAEXPLOITATIONContimodit
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YEMEN, ARAB REPUBLICPOPULATIONFour
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YEMEN, PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
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mydasYEMEN, PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REP
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ZAIRENo recent information is avail
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Gonioz,ACKNOWLKDGKMEMTSS.W. Garland
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EarthlinesREFERENCESAnon. (I'JSJb).
Page 584 and 585:
ofREFERENCESBalnzB, G.H. (1985b). H
Page 586 and 587:
REFERENCESBrown, R.A., Harvey, G.C.
Page 588 and 589:
iREFERENCESCliffLon, K., Cornejo, D
Page 590 and 591:
REFERENCESFAO (1973). Report to the
Page 592 and 593:
REFERENCESGarnett, M.C. (1979?) The
Page 594 and 595:
REFERENCESHillstead, H.O., Richards
Page 596 and 597:
REFERENCESJenkins, R.W.G. (19/8). T
Page 598 and 599:
REFERENCESLeh, Charles M.U., Poon ,
Page 600 and 601:
REFERENCESMayL, K.ti. (1986). I'rol
Page 602 and 603:
REFERENCESMfosov::Ky, N. (1983). Co
Page 604 and 605:
REFERENCESPritchard, F.C.H. (1982a)
Page 606 and 607:
REFERENCESSchulz, J. P. (1984). Tuf
Page 608 and 609:
CentreREFERENCESUchida, I. (1980).
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