World Status, Exploitation and Trade - WIDECAST

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USATable 211. Number of C. mydas nests per year at beaches surveyedconsistently since 1981 (data from Conley and Hoffman, 1986).Year
USAHunting intensity Since the liiilin^ of all sea turtles as endangered orthreatened under the Endangered Species Act in 1978 (see below), the huntingof local turtle populations has been very limited.Historical trends Florida was the centre of turtle exploitation in theUSA, the trade peaking at the end of the 19th century at about 280 t.Landings declined in the 20th century, but the majority were thought to havebeen turtles caught mainly in Caribbean and Central American countries.Other states to have reported landings of turtles were Georgia, NorthCarolina, Texas, Mississippi, Virginia and Louisiana, but only in the lasttwo did landings continue after 1925 (Cato et al , 1978).Domestic trade Cato et al (1978) described the US domestic market forturtle products at great length. They analysed the price of turtle productsin relation to the volume of trade and concluded that the price was elastic,indicating that price increases would cause more than a proportionatedecrease in demand.International trade The USA continued to provide one of the world's mainmarkets for imported turtle products long after its exploitation ofindigenous turtles had declined. The imposition of imports controls since1979 is thought to have effectively curbed most commercial imports andturtle products are the category of wildlife products most commonlyconfiscated by Customs from returning tourists. The USA ratified CITES on14 January 1974, and USA CITES reports imports constitute the bulk of allthe reports of international movements of turtle products contained in theCITES database. The great majority were imports of small quantities ofpersonal items and curios. Prior to 1982 they were mostly reported aspersonal imports, and after that date they were mostly reported as seizedillegal imports. The numbers of different imports reported are shown inTable 212. The most significant import reported in recent years was of 6 tof Cheloniidae meat imported for commercial purposes in 1984 from an unknownsource.Table 212. Numbers of Imports of products of Cheloniidae, C. mydas andE. imbricata to the USA recorded in CITES Annual Reports. Most of theseimports constituted several specimens.1980 1981 1982 1983 1984Cheloni idaeC. mydasE. imbricata42LEGISLATIONEndangered Species Act, 28 December 1973.For endangered or threatened wildlife, it is illegal to:1. Import or export.2. Deliver, receive or transport in interstate or foreign commerce.3. Sell or offer for sale in interstate or foreign commerce.4. "Take", i.e. to harm, harass, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, trap, kill,capture or collect, or attempt to do so.5. Possess or transport any illegally taken wildlife.543
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A publication of the Secretariat of
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CONTEMTSSARAWAK 314WEST MALAYSIA 31
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INTRODUCTIONSUMMARY1. Recent invest
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INTRODUCTIONoutboard motors, nylon
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.INTRODUCTIONSCOPE AND METHODSThe p
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..INTRODUCTIONshown to deserve form
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INTRODUCTIONMARINE TURTLE BIOLOGY A
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...INTRODUCTIONExcept for the nesti
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INTRODUCTION5 000 C. mydas nested i
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INTRODUCTIONMigration and philopatr
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INTRODUCTIONBut harvesting is rarel
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..INTRODUCTIONIf the details of hom
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INTRODUCTIONrelatively large averag
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INTRODUCTIONMethods ofturtle exploi
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INTRODUCTIONextremely heavy harvest
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INTRODUCTIONmight otherwise have su
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INTRODUCTION"preservationists in th
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INTRODUCTIONAlthough in global term
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INTRODUCTIONVery large quantities o
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I u-> I I I I II l/^ I i CM i I >0
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INTRODUCTIONsuggested (e.g. Dodd ,
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INTRODOCTIOMone of the recorded cau
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INTRODUCTIONNote^: the "indication
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INTRODUCTIOMNevertheless, there is
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INTRODUCTIONbecause of over-exploit
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INTRODUCTIONConservation status and
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INTRODUCTIONTable 11, continued.Che
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INTRODUCTIONTable 11, continued.Che
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AMERICAN SAMOAPOPULATION:Chelonia m
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ANGOLAPOPULATION:Chelonla mydasNest
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ANGUILLAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNe
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ANGUILLALEGISLATIONTurtle Ordinance
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ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA(1978, cited in
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ARUBAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNesti
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ASCENSION AND ST HELENAForaging sit
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AUSTRALIAAUSTRALIA:QUEENSLANDPOPULA
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AUSTEtALIAEXPLOITATIONThe main spec
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AUSTEUI.IADomestic trade Commercial
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VsAUSTRALIAArchipelago, all off the
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AUSTRALIALEGISLATIONWildlife Conser
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BAHAMASPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNes
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BAHAMASTable 18. Green Turtle and H
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BAHRAINGreen Turtles are reported t
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BANGLADESHCITES Annual Reports cont
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BARBADOSRANCHING/ HATCHERIESAn expe
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BELIZEForaging sites Whilst nesting
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BELIZEWildlife Protection Act 1981
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BERMUDAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNes
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BRAZILPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNest
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BRAZILPara are said to catch 0.2-0.
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BRAZILPortaria No. N-005, 31 Januar
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BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORIESFor
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BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDSPOPULATION:Ch
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BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDSEXPLOITATIONC
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BRUNEIPOPULATIONAccording to Harris
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BURMAegg collection, now support mi
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BURMATable 30. Marine turtle eggs c
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BURMADomestic trade Most of the egg
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CANARY ISLANDS(SPAIN)There is only
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CAYMAN ISLANDSPOPULATIONThe breedin
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CAYMAN ISLANDSTable 33. Direct expo
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CAYMAN ISLANDSTable 36. Imports of
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CAYMAN ISLANDS(E.G. Roet in litt. t
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CAYMAN ISLANDSThe Marine Conservati
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CHINA,PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OFPOPULATIO
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CHINA,PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OFHistorica
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COLOMBIACOLOMBIA:CASIBBBANPOPULATIO
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COLOMBIAEXPLOITATIONComnodity Green
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COLOMBIAconcerning permits for hunt
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COMORO ISLANDSJune. The peak appear
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CONGONo recent information is avail
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COOK ISLANDSPalmerston. About 50 tu
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COSTA RICATrends in nesting numbers
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COSTA RICATHREATSExploitation of tu
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COSTA RICACOSTA RICA:PACIFICPOPULAT
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CUBAPOPULATION: Chelonia mydas . Kr
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CUBAof 250 kg, 215 kg and 75 kg of
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CYPRUSPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasNes
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CYPRUSLEGISLATIONFisheries Regulati
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IXMnNICAPOPULATION:Chalonla mydasNe
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DOMINICALEGISLATIONTurtle Ordinance
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DOMINICAN REPUBLICTable 52. Estimat
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DOMINICAN REPUBLICTable S3. Officia
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DOMINICAN REPUBLIC"commercial". Thi
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ECUADORTHREATSNo information locate
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ECUADORHurtado notes some movement
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EGYPTEGYPT:MEDITERRANEANPOPULATIONA
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EGYPTcurios, but not, apparently, i
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EQUATORIAL GUINEAEQUATORIAL GUINEA:
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ETHIOPIAPOPULATION: Chelonia mydaa
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FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIAwere
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FIJIPOPULATIOK :Chelonia mydasNesti
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FIJIThere is little qualitative inf
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~H01 «1-1 3^ >Lie0)iH« 2O VI-U g
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FRENCH GUIANAPOPULATION:Chelonla my
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FRENCH GUIANAArrete Prefectoral No.
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FRENCH POLYNESIATable 66. Total tra
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FRENCH POLYNESIAshow exports of 425
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GAMBIANo information is available o
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GRENADA AND THE GRENADIAN GRENADINE
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GRENADA AND THE GRENADIAN GRENADINE
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GUADELOUPE AND DEPENDENCIESNesting
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GUAMPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNestin
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GUATEMALAGUATEMALA:CARIBBEANPOPULAT
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GUATEMALAEXPLOITATIONCommodity Corn
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GUINEA BISSAUNo information availab
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GUYANATHREATSReichart et al (198A)
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HAITIin view of the quantity of tor
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1973
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HAWAIITable
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HONDURASHONDURAS:CARIBBEANPOPULATIO
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HONDURASDomestic trade Green Turtle
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HONDURASestablishes closed seasons,
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HONG KONGTable 75. Sources of impor
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INDIANesting numbers Nesting number
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INDIATable 77. Domestic exports of
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INDIAEXPLOITATIONConmodlty Both C.
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INDIAThe Andamans E. imbricata popu
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INDONESIAPangumbahan (SW Java),beac
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. SulawesiINDONESIATable 81continue
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1INDONESIAharvests are low in the b
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INDONESIAlaid at Pangumbahan. Schul
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mydasINDONESIALemukutanAlthough Sal
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INDONESIATable 88. Known E^ jmbrira
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INDONESIAparts of Riau and in Sulaw
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INDONESIAP. Pesambung, and perhaps
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INDONESIAThe harvest of adult E. im
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1INDONESIAjewellery. Most of the to
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INDONESIAEven allowing for the fact
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INDONESIAJavaHawksbill rearing oper
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0000n00CM0001c o c-P00O03LiOaSILio
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INDONESIATable 97. Percentage by we
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IRANfresh; it seems lilcely that a
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ISRAELPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNest
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iIVORY COASTNo information availabl
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JAMAICAHunting intensity Official S
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JAPANPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNesti
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JAPANHunting methods Host of the tu
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I nIIII c^I u^f^ I i ^I o»—II r^
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I I lO I I I I< I I I10I I I I II I
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KAMPUCHEAAccording to Bourret (1941
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KENYAPOPULAT I ON :Chelonia mydasNe
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KENYAto Japan in 1976, 1977 and 197
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KIRIBATILine and Gilbert groups; Ba
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KIRIBATIcatching 200-300 Green turt
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KOREA,REPUBLIC OFTable 111. Destina
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LIBERIASome nesting by C. mydas has
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MADAGASCARevidence, Europa must mak
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. mydasMADAGASCARTable 112.Madagasc
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MADAGASCARTable llA. Imports of raw
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MALAYSIAMALAYSIA:SABAHPOPULATIOK :C
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MALAYSIA1983 bearing a Philippines
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MALAYSIAlogarithmically transformed
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MALAYSIACustoms (Prohibition of Imp
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MALAYSIATable 122. Reported egg pro
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MALAYSIAThe only period when signif
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MALAYSIAWEST MALAYSIAPOPULATION:Che
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MALAYSIAinterpreting yield data fro
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MALAYSIAand 1978 there was a substa
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MALAYSIATable 131. International tr
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MALAYSIAA fifth hatchery was starte
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MALDIVESNesting season Didi (1983)
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MALDIVESthe 15 000 tourists were es
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MARSHALL ISLANDS.REPUBLIC OFPOPULAT
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HAHTINIQUEPOPULATION :Chelonia myda
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MARTINIQUEDomingue" (Dominican Repu
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MAURITANIAHunting methods Turtles a
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MAURITIUS AND DEPENDENCIESTable 138
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MAURITIUS AND DEPENDENCIESTable 139
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MAYOTTKPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNes
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MAYOTTK1987) recorded A2 shells fro
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MEXICOTable 141. Nest sites and est
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MEXICOTable 1A2. Nest sites and est
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MEXICOCampeche As noted above, Camp
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MEXICOno production at all was reco
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MEXICONesting season Nesting season
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MEXICOUntil the 1950s tortoiseshell
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MEXICO( Chelonia mydas or perhaps E
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MEXICOfigures, and based on an offi
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AtMEXICOalthough Alvarado and Figue
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MEXICOorigin Cayman Islands to Hong
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HONTSERE(ATDomestic trade Jeffers a
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MOZAMBIQUESingar and Mefunvo, near
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NAMIBIAWhile C. mydas is known to e
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NETHERLANDS ANTILLESNETHERLANDS ANT
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NETHERLANDS ANTILLESNETHERLANDS ANT
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NETHERLANDS ANTILLESSt Maarten: Spe
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NEW CALEDONIAPOPULATION:Chelonia my
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NEW CALEDONIAHunting methods Some t
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NICARAGUANICARAGUA:CARIBBEANPOPULAT
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NICASAGUAwages. Nietschmann (1981)
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NICARAGUAThe figures for 1980-82 ac
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NIGERIANo information available. Bo
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NORTHERN MARIANAS,COMMONWEALTH OFPO
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OMANalthough the species compositio
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OMANHistorical trends There is no d
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PAKISTANTable 153. Nesting emergenc
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PAKISTANbakeries who used them in b
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PALAU REPUBLICPOPULATION :Chelonia
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PALAU REPUBLICHunting methods Palau
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PANAMAPANAMA:CARIBBEANPOPULATION:Ch
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PANAMATable 155. Exports of tortols
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PANAMAEXPLOITATIONAccording to Corn
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PAPUA NEW GUINEAfrom West Sepik. Pr
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PAPUA NEW GUINEAinvolves many taboo
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PERUGreen Turtles have never been p
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PHILIPPINESPOPULATION:Chelonia myda
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PHILIPPINESambiguous. Reyes ( in li
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PHILIPPINESHunting intensity In spi
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PHILIPPINESStuffing industry in Zam
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PHILIPPINESTable 166. Imports of "T
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PHILIPPINESThe remaining 60% may be
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PUERTO RICOPOPULATION :Chelonla myd
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PUERTO RICOLEGISLATIONReglajnento D
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REUKION AND ILESBPARSESREUNIONReuni
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REUNION AND ILESEPARSESTable 169. H
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REUNION AND ILESEPARSESTable 169, a
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REUNION AND ILESEPARSESLe Gall et a
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REUNION AND ILBS EPARSBScatch. This
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REUNION AND ILESEPARSESthe surface
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SAO TOME AND PRINCIPEVirtually no r
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SAUDI ARABIANesting numbers No deta
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SAUDI ARABIAMigration No specific i
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ISENEGALPOPULAT I ON :Chelonia myda
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SEYCHELLESPOPULATION:Chelonia mydas
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SEYCHELLESwould thus have included
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SEYCHELLESaround Lhe Mozambiqup Cha
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SEYCHELLESTable 176. continuedFrazi
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SEYCHELLESmeat could have been eate
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SEYCHELLESTable 177. continuedYear
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SEYCHELLESThe Seychelles submitted
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SEYCHELLESotherwise take possession
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SINGAPOREPOPULATIONWhile both C. my
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SINGAPOREwithoul a licence.Import o
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SOLOMON ISLANDSManning Straits midw
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SOLOMON ISLANDSalso been a tendency
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SOMALIAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasNe
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SOMALIAwork, five 20-m nets. Remora
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SOUTH AFRICABoth C. mydas and E. im
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SRILANKAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasN
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SRILANKAHistorical trends Turtle ex
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SRILANKAhave ceased to nest on the
Page 499 and 500: STKITTS-NBVISTHREATSAccording to To
Page 501 and 502: ST LUCIAPOPULATION : Chelonia mydas
Page 503 and 504: STLUCIAA trader from St Lucia, Char
Page 505 and 506: ST VINCENT AND THE ST VINCENT GRENA
Page 507 and 508: SUDANPOPULATION :Chelonia mydaaTher
Page 509 and 510: SURINAMEPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNe
Page 511 and 512: SURINAHEBigisanti Beach except for
Page 513 and 514: SURINAMGTable 194. Estimates of the
Page 515 and 516: SURINAMEA proposal was prepared tuc
Page 517 and 518: TAIWANTable 196. Destinations of ex
Page 519 and 520: TANZANIAPOPULATION:Chelonla mydaaNe
Page 521 and 522: TANZANIAyear. Japanese Customs repo
Page 523 and 524: THAILANDPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNe
Page 525 and 526: THAILANDEXPLOITATIONCommodity The p
Page 527 and 528: THAILANDDomestic trade Turtle eggs
Page 529 and 530: THAILANDimposed for failure to comp
Page 531 and 532: TOKBLAUPOPULATION:Chalonla mydasNes
Page 533 and 534: TONGAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasNest
Page 535 and 536: TONGAInternational trade Tonga is n
Page 537 and 538: TRINIDAD AND TOBAGOother observatio
Page 539 and 540: TRINIDAD AND TOBAGOand up to TT$8.0
Page 541 and 542: TURKEYMigration In the absence of t
Page 543 and 544: TURKS AND CAICOSISLANDSPOPULATION:C
Page 545 and 546: 18-5TURKS AND CAICOSISLANDSturtles.
Page 547 and 548: TUVALUturtles seen at sea or on the
Page 549: USAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNesting
Page 553 and 554: mydasus PACIFIC ISLANDSJARVISISLAND
Page 555 and 556: us VIRGIN ISLANDSTrends in nesting
Page 557 and 558: VANUATUPOPULATION Little informatio
Page 559 and 560: VENEZUELAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydas
Page 561 and 562: VENEZUELAforaging in Venezuelan wat
Page 563 and 564: mydasVIET NAMPOPULATION: Chelonia m
Page 565 and 566: VIET NAMThe lurtlos grt-w to 12 ini
Page 567 and 568: WESTERN SAHARANo information availa
Page 569 and 570: WESTERN SAMOAEXPLOITATIONContimodit
Page 571 and 572: YEMEN, ARAB REPUBLICPOPULATIONFour
Page 573 and 574: YEMEN, PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
Page 575 and 576: mydasYEMEN, PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REP
Page 577: ZAIRENo recent information is avail
Page 580 and 581: Gonioz,ACKNOWLKDGKMEMTSS.W. Garland
Page 582 and 583: EarthlinesREFERENCESAnon. (I'JSJb).
Page 584 and 585: ofREFERENCESBalnzB, G.H. (1985b). H
Page 586 and 587: REFERENCESBrown, R.A., Harvey, G.C.
Page 588 and 589: iREFERENCESCliffLon, K., Cornejo, D
Page 590 and 591: REFERENCESFAO (1973). Report to the
Page 592 and 593: REFERENCESGarnett, M.C. (1979?) The
Page 594 and 595: REFERENCESHillstead, H.O., Richards
Page 596 and 597: REFERENCESJenkins, R.W.G. (19/8). T
Page 598 and 599: REFERENCESLeh, Charles M.U., Poon ,
Page 600 and 601:
REFERENCESMayL, K.ti. (1986). I'rol
Page 602 and 603:
REFERENCESMfosov::Ky, N. (1983). Co
Page 604 and 605:
REFERENCESPritchard, F.C.H. (1982a)
Page 606 and 607:
REFERENCESSchulz, J. P. (1984). Tuf
Page 608 and 609:
CentreREFERENCESUchida, I. (1980).
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