World Status, Exploitation and Trade - WIDECAST

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WESTERN SAMOARANCHINGA hatchery for Hawksbills was set up in 1971 in the Aleipata district. Eggswere collected on outlying beaches and reburied in a protected facility.The hatchlings were reared for up to three months in concrete tanks beforebeing tagged and released. Between 1973 and 1975, a total of 10 668hatchlings were produced, with an overall hatching success of 66% (Balazs,1982c). The hatchery was no longer functioning in 1982 (Johannes, 1986).It was suggested in 1971 that Hawksbills should be reared on a commercialbasis for export to Japan, but these plans were abandoned because ofdisease, lack of a suitable cheap food supply and the need to continuallychange the sea water in the tanks (Balazs, 1982c).LEGISLATIONIn 1980, there was said to be no legal protection for sea turtles (Witzelland Banner, 1980)".62
YEMEN, ARAB REPUBLICPOPULATIONFour sea turtle species, including; Ch elonia mydas and Eretmochelysi mbr ic ata , have been observed in waters of the Yemen Arab Republic (Walczak,1979). Green Turtles are most commonly observed or accidentally caught, andaccount for most turtle remains washed up ashore; the Hawksbill is thesecond most abundant species (Walczak., 1979).Sea turtles are widely distributed in YAR waters, including the Ras Katibarea, reefs around Dicno Gulf in Kamaran Bay, Rhisa, and Kadaman ZaghirIsland. A large group of turtles, possibly a mating aggregation, wasreportedly encountered in Isa Bay one February (Walczak, 1979).Most nesting appears to occur on the uninhabited low coral islands 3-30 kmoff shore; there may be important nest areas on Zugar and in the HanishArchipelago, these being uninhabited volcanic islands in the south of theYAR coast (Walczak, 1979). Ross was informed (cited in Ross and Barwani,1982) that turtles of three species nest "in large numbers" on Kamaran. Arecent survey (L. Barratt, TMRU, in litt . , 16 April 1987) recorded noevidence of nesting, no individuals of E. imbricata , seven C. mydas , andmany carapace remains; many offshore islands were not examined.There is abundant coral reef habitat (where Hawksbills are often seen)around the island groups, and extensive seagrass pastures (suitable forGreen Turtles) in the Ras Katib-Khor Katib area, in Isa Bay, and probably inKamaran Bay and Khor Gulaifiga (Walczak, 1979).EXPLOITATIONCommodity The meat of turtles, although eaten, is not in great demand inthe YAR but, in contrast, the eggs are highly esteemed and are reputed tohave aphrodisiac properties. Only female turtles are eaten and, in keepingwith Muslim tradition, turtles found dead in fishing nets are not consumed(Walczak, 1979).Hunting intensity Walczak (1979) reported that there was much evidenceof nest disturbance for egg collection on some of the offshore islands.International trade CITES Annual Reports reveal no trade in sea turtleproducts involving YAR.LEGISLATIONTurtles are not protected in the YAR (Walczak, 1979)563
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A publication of the Secretariat of
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CONTEMTSSARAWAK 314WEST MALAYSIA 31
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INTRODUCTIONSUMMARY1. Recent invest
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INTRODUCTIONoutboard motors, nylon
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.INTRODUCTIONSCOPE AND METHODSThe p
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..INTRODUCTIONshown to deserve form
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INTRODUCTIONMARINE TURTLE BIOLOGY A
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...INTRODUCTIONExcept for the nesti
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INTRODUCTION5 000 C. mydas nested i
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INTRODUCTIONMigration and philopatr
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INTRODUCTIONBut harvesting is rarel
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..INTRODUCTIONIf the details of hom
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INTRODUCTIONrelatively large averag
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INTRODUCTIONMethods ofturtle exploi
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INTRODUCTIONextremely heavy harvest
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INTRODUCTIONmight otherwise have su
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INTRODUCTION"preservationists in th
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INTRODUCTIONAlthough in global term
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INTRODUCTIONVery large quantities o
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I u-> I I I I II l/^ I i CM i I >0
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INTRODUCTIONsuggested (e.g. Dodd ,
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INTRODOCTIOMone of the recorded cau
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INTRODUCTIONNote^: the "indication
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INTRODUCTIOMNevertheless, there is
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INTRODUCTIONbecause of over-exploit
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INTRODUCTIONConservation status and
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INTRODUCTIONTable 11, continued.Che
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INTRODUCTIONTable 11, continued.Che
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AMERICAN SAMOAPOPULATION:Chelonia m
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ANGOLAPOPULATION:Chelonla mydasNest
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ANGUILLAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNe
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ANGUILLALEGISLATIONTurtle Ordinance
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ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA(1978, cited in
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ARUBAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNesti
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ASCENSION AND ST HELENAForaging sit
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AUSTRALIAAUSTRALIA:QUEENSLANDPOPULA
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AUSTEtALIAEXPLOITATIONThe main spec
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AUSTEUI.IADomestic trade Commercial
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VsAUSTRALIAArchipelago, all off the
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AUSTRALIALEGISLATIONWildlife Conser
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BAHAMASPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNes
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BAHAMASTable 18. Green Turtle and H
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BAHRAINGreen Turtles are reported t
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BANGLADESHCITES Annual Reports cont
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BARBADOSRANCHING/ HATCHERIESAn expe
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BELIZEForaging sites Whilst nesting
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BELIZEWildlife Protection Act 1981
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BERMUDAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNes
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BRAZILPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNest
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BRAZILPara are said to catch 0.2-0.
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BRAZILPortaria No. N-005, 31 Januar
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BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORIESFor
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BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDSPOPULATION:Ch
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BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDSEXPLOITATIONC
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BRUNEIPOPULATIONAccording to Harris
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BURMAegg collection, now support mi
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BURMATable 30. Marine turtle eggs c
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BURMADomestic trade Most of the egg
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CANARY ISLANDS(SPAIN)There is only
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CAYMAN ISLANDSPOPULATIONThe breedin
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CAYMAN ISLANDSTable 33. Direct expo
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CAYMAN ISLANDSTable 36. Imports of
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CAYMAN ISLANDS(E.G. Roet in litt. t
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CAYMAN ISLANDSThe Marine Conservati
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CHINA,PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OFPOPULATIO
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CHINA,PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OFHistorica
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COLOMBIACOLOMBIA:CASIBBBANPOPULATIO
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COLOMBIAEXPLOITATIONComnodity Green
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COLOMBIAconcerning permits for hunt
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COMORO ISLANDSJune. The peak appear
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CONGONo recent information is avail
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COOK ISLANDSPalmerston. About 50 tu
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COSTA RICATrends in nesting numbers
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COSTA RICATHREATSExploitation of tu
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COSTA RICACOSTA RICA:PACIFICPOPULAT
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CUBAPOPULATION: Chelonia mydas . Kr
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CUBAof 250 kg, 215 kg and 75 kg of
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CYPRUSPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasNes
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CYPRUSLEGISLATIONFisheries Regulati
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IXMnNICAPOPULATION:Chalonla mydasNe
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DOMINICALEGISLATIONTurtle Ordinance
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DOMINICAN REPUBLICTable 52. Estimat
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DOMINICAN REPUBLICTable S3. Officia
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DOMINICAN REPUBLIC"commercial". Thi
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ECUADORTHREATSNo information locate
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ECUADORHurtado notes some movement
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EGYPTEGYPT:MEDITERRANEANPOPULATIONA
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EGYPTcurios, but not, apparently, i
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EQUATORIAL GUINEAEQUATORIAL GUINEA:
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ETHIOPIAPOPULATION: Chelonia mydaa
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FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIAwere
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FIJIPOPULATIOK :Chelonia mydasNesti
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FIJIThere is little qualitative inf
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~H01 «1-1 3^ >Lie0)iH« 2O VI-U g
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FRENCH GUIANAPOPULATION:Chelonla my
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FRENCH GUIANAArrete Prefectoral No.
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FRENCH POLYNESIATable 66. Total tra
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FRENCH POLYNESIAshow exports of 425
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GAMBIANo information is available o
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GRENADA AND THE GRENADIAN GRENADINE
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GRENADA AND THE GRENADIAN GRENADINE
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GUADELOUPE AND DEPENDENCIESNesting
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GUAMPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNestin
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GUATEMALAGUATEMALA:CARIBBEANPOPULAT
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GUATEMALAEXPLOITATIONCommodity Corn
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GUINEA BISSAUNo information availab
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GUYANATHREATSReichart et al (198A)
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HAITIin view of the quantity of tor
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1973
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HAWAIITable
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HONDURASHONDURAS:CARIBBEANPOPULATIO
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HONDURASDomestic trade Green Turtle
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HONDURASestablishes closed seasons,
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HONG KONGTable 75. Sources of impor
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INDIANesting numbers Nesting number
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INDIATable 77. Domestic exports of
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INDIAEXPLOITATIONConmodlty Both C.
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INDIAThe Andamans E. imbricata popu
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INDONESIAPangumbahan (SW Java),beac
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. SulawesiINDONESIATable 81continue
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1INDONESIAharvests are low in the b
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INDONESIAlaid at Pangumbahan. Schul
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mydasINDONESIALemukutanAlthough Sal
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INDONESIATable 88. Known E^ jmbrira
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INDONESIAparts of Riau and in Sulaw
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INDONESIAP. Pesambung, and perhaps
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INDONESIAThe harvest of adult E. im
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1INDONESIAjewellery. Most of the to
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INDONESIAEven allowing for the fact
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INDONESIAJavaHawksbill rearing oper
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0000n00CM0001c o c-P00O03LiOaSILio
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INDONESIATable 97. Percentage by we
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IRANfresh; it seems lilcely that a
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ISRAELPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNest
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iIVORY COASTNo information availabl
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JAMAICAHunting intensity Official S
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JAPANPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNesti
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JAPANHunting methods Host of the tu
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I nIIII c^I u^f^ I i ^I o»—II r^
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I I lO I I I I< I I I10I I I I II I
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KAMPUCHEAAccording to Bourret (1941
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KENYAPOPULAT I ON :Chelonia mydasNe
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KENYAto Japan in 1976, 1977 and 197
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KIRIBATILine and Gilbert groups; Ba
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KIRIBATIcatching 200-300 Green turt
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KOREA,REPUBLIC OFTable 111. Destina
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LIBERIASome nesting by C. mydas has
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MADAGASCARevidence, Europa must mak
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. mydasMADAGASCARTable 112.Madagasc
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MADAGASCARTable llA. Imports of raw
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MALAYSIAMALAYSIA:SABAHPOPULATIOK :C
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MALAYSIA1983 bearing a Philippines
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MALAYSIAlogarithmically transformed
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MALAYSIACustoms (Prohibition of Imp
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MALAYSIATable 122. Reported egg pro
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MALAYSIAThe only period when signif
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MALAYSIAWEST MALAYSIAPOPULATION:Che
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MALAYSIAinterpreting yield data fro
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MALAYSIAand 1978 there was a substa
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MALAYSIATable 131. International tr
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MALAYSIAA fifth hatchery was starte
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MALDIVESNesting season Didi (1983)
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MALDIVESthe 15 000 tourists were es
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MARSHALL ISLANDS.REPUBLIC OFPOPULAT
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HAHTINIQUEPOPULATION :Chelonia myda
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MARTINIQUEDomingue" (Dominican Repu
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MAURITANIAHunting methods Turtles a
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MAURITIUS AND DEPENDENCIESTable 138
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MAURITIUS AND DEPENDENCIESTable 139
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MAYOTTKPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNes
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MAYOTTK1987) recorded A2 shells fro
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MEXICOTable 141. Nest sites and est
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MEXICOTable 1A2. Nest sites and est
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MEXICOCampeche As noted above, Camp
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MEXICOno production at all was reco
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MEXICONesting season Nesting season
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MEXICOUntil the 1950s tortoiseshell
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MEXICO( Chelonia mydas or perhaps E
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MEXICOfigures, and based on an offi
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AtMEXICOalthough Alvarado and Figue
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MEXICOorigin Cayman Islands to Hong
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HONTSERE(ATDomestic trade Jeffers a
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MOZAMBIQUESingar and Mefunvo, near
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NAMIBIAWhile C. mydas is known to e
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NETHERLANDS ANTILLESNETHERLANDS ANT
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NETHERLANDS ANTILLESNETHERLANDS ANT
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NETHERLANDS ANTILLESSt Maarten: Spe
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NEW CALEDONIAPOPULATION:Chelonia my
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NEW CALEDONIAHunting methods Some t
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NICARAGUANICARAGUA:CARIBBEANPOPULAT
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NICASAGUAwages. Nietschmann (1981)
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NICARAGUAThe figures for 1980-82 ac
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NIGERIANo information available. Bo
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NORTHERN MARIANAS,COMMONWEALTH OFPO
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OMANalthough the species compositio
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OMANHistorical trends There is no d
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PAKISTANTable 153. Nesting emergenc
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PAKISTANbakeries who used them in b
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PALAU REPUBLICPOPULATION :Chelonia
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PALAU REPUBLICHunting methods Palau
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PANAMAPANAMA:CARIBBEANPOPULATION:Ch
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PANAMATable 155. Exports of tortols
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PANAMAEXPLOITATIONAccording to Corn
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PAPUA NEW GUINEAfrom West Sepik. Pr
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PAPUA NEW GUINEAinvolves many taboo
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PERUGreen Turtles have never been p
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PHILIPPINESPOPULATION:Chelonia myda
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PHILIPPINESambiguous. Reyes ( in li
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PHILIPPINESHunting intensity In spi
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PHILIPPINESStuffing industry in Zam
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PHILIPPINESTable 166. Imports of "T
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PHILIPPINESThe remaining 60% may be
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PUERTO RICOPOPULATION :Chelonla myd
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PUERTO RICOLEGISLATIONReglajnento D
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REUKION AND ILESBPARSESREUNIONReuni
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REUNION AND ILESEPARSESTable 169. H
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REUNION AND ILESEPARSESTable 169, a
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REUNION AND ILESEPARSESLe Gall et a
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REUNION AND ILBS EPARSBScatch. This
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REUNION AND ILESEPARSESthe surface
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SAO TOME AND PRINCIPEVirtually no r
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SAUDI ARABIANesting numbers No deta
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SAUDI ARABIAMigration No specific i
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ISENEGALPOPULAT I ON :Chelonia myda
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SEYCHELLESPOPULATION:Chelonia mydas
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SEYCHELLESwould thus have included
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SEYCHELLESaround Lhe Mozambiqup Cha
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SEYCHELLESTable 176. continuedFrazi
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SEYCHELLESmeat could have been eate
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SEYCHELLESTable 177. continuedYear
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SEYCHELLESThe Seychelles submitted
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SEYCHELLESotherwise take possession
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SINGAPOREPOPULATIONWhile both C. my
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SINGAPOREwithoul a licence.Import o
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SOLOMON ISLANDSManning Straits midw
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SOLOMON ISLANDSalso been a tendency
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SOMALIAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasNe
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SOMALIAwork, five 20-m nets. Remora
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SOUTH AFRICABoth C. mydas and E. im
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SRILANKAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasN
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SRILANKAHistorical trends Turtle ex
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SRILANKAhave ceased to nest on the
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STKITTS-NBVISTHREATSAccording to To
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ST LUCIAPOPULATION : Chelonia mydas
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STLUCIAA trader from St Lucia, Char
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ST VINCENT AND THE ST VINCENT GRENA
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SUDANPOPULATION :Chelonia mydaaTher
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SURINAMEPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNe
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SURINAHEBigisanti Beach except for
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SURINAMGTable 194. Estimates of the
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SURINAMEA proposal was prepared tuc
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TAIWANTable 196. Destinations of ex
Page 519 and 520: TANZANIAPOPULATION:Chelonla mydaaNe
Page 521 and 522: TANZANIAyear. Japanese Customs repo
Page 523 and 524: THAILANDPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNe
Page 525 and 526: THAILANDEXPLOITATIONCommodity The p
Page 527 and 528: THAILANDDomestic trade Turtle eggs
Page 529 and 530: THAILANDimposed for failure to comp
Page 531 and 532: TOKBLAUPOPULATION:Chalonla mydasNes
Page 533 and 534: TONGAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasNest
Page 535 and 536: TONGAInternational trade Tonga is n
Page 537 and 538: TRINIDAD AND TOBAGOother observatio
Page 539 and 540: TRINIDAD AND TOBAGOand up to TT$8.0
Page 541 and 542: TURKEYMigration In the absence of t
Page 543 and 544: TURKS AND CAICOSISLANDSPOPULATION:C
Page 545 and 546: 18-5TURKS AND CAICOSISLANDSturtles.
Page 547 and 548: TUVALUturtles seen at sea or on the
Page 549 and 550: USAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNesting
Page 551 and 552: USAHunting intensity Since the liii
Page 553 and 554: mydasus PACIFIC ISLANDSJARVISISLAND
Page 555 and 556: us VIRGIN ISLANDSTrends in nesting
Page 557 and 558: VANUATUPOPULATION Little informatio
Page 559 and 560: VENEZUELAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydas
Page 561 and 562: VENEZUELAforaging in Venezuelan wat
Page 563 and 564: mydasVIET NAMPOPULATION: Chelonia m
Page 565 and 566: VIET NAMThe lurtlos grt-w to 12 ini
Page 567 and 568: WESTERN SAHARANo information availa
Page 569: WESTERN SAMOAEXPLOITATIONContimodit
Page 573 and 574: YEMEN, PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
Page 575 and 576: mydasYEMEN, PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REP
Page 577: ZAIRENo recent information is avail
Page 580 and 581: Gonioz,ACKNOWLKDGKMEMTSS.W. Garland
Page 582 and 583: EarthlinesREFERENCESAnon. (I'JSJb).
Page 584 and 585: ofREFERENCESBalnzB, G.H. (1985b). H
Page 586 and 587: REFERENCESBrown, R.A., Harvey, G.C.
Page 588 and 589: iREFERENCESCliffLon, K., Cornejo, D
Page 590 and 591: REFERENCESFAO (1973). Report to the
Page 592 and 593: REFERENCESGarnett, M.C. (1979?) The
Page 594 and 595: REFERENCESHillstead, H.O., Richards
Page 596 and 597: REFERENCESJenkins, R.W.G. (19/8). T
Page 598 and 599: REFERENCESLeh, Charles M.U., Poon ,
Page 600 and 601: REFERENCESMayL, K.ti. (1986). I'rol
Page 602 and 603: REFERENCESMfosov::Ky, N. (1983). Co
Page 604 and 605: REFERENCESPritchard, F.C.H. (1982a)
Page 606 and 607: REFERENCESSchulz, J. P. (1984). Tuf
Page 608 and 609: CentreREFERENCESUchida, I. (1980).
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