World Status, Exploitation and Trade - WIDECAST

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INTRODUCTIONVery large quantities of turtle meat, shell and leather products wereformerly imported to Europe and North America. The implementation of CITESis at least partially responsible for the fact that this trade has nowdropped to low levels. Particularly important in this respect has been theuniform implementation of CITES by the EEC countries which has forced Franceand Italy to withdraw their reservations on sea turtles. The curtailing ofinternational trade in turtle meat has meant that there is little threat toC. mydas populations from international trade, the major problem beingcommercial domestic trade. However there are several important exceptionsto this general rule: the export of leather from Mexico, Panama andIndonesia; the export of eggs from Indonesia and the Philippines; and theexport of stuffed turtles from Indonesia in commercial quantities and astourist souvenirs from a variety of countries.International trade in the shell of E. imbricata still gives considerablecause for concern. Although the imports to Europe and North America havebeen reduced to virtual insignificance, largely by the implementation ofCITES, the trade in the Far East may well account for more Hawksbillsannually than were ever consumed by the traditional western markets. Theprincipal importer is Japan, and Figure 1 illustrates how imports of bekkofluctuated over the years from 1950 to 1970. Historical levels of trade arehard to determine and although Figure 1 appears to show a marked increasefrom 1950 to 1973, the huge imports recorded in 1954 meant that the averageannual import in the 1950s was 32.5 t, similar to the 31.5 t in the 1960salthough much lower than the 44.7 t recorded during the 1970s. The mostobvious effects of CITES on this trade were the twin import peaks in 1973and 1979 associated, respectively, with the Washington Convention and theacceptance by Japan of the Convention. It is true that Japan imposed, andhas more or less adhered to, an import quota of 30 t of raw bekko a year,slightly lower than the average imports in the 1950s and 1960s, but it isnot known how this compares with the level of trade that had traditionallybeen carried out prior to the 1950s.Although Japan has a reservation on E. imbricata , it has an obligation underCITES Resolution Conf. 4.25 to ensure that imports are accompanied by apermit issued by the competent authority in the exporting country. Suchpermits should not have been issued by countries party to CITES. Prior to1980, when Japan accepted CITES, the countries party at that time hadsupplied about 55% of the imports of bekko, but this percentage droppedslightly to around 45% in the early 1980s. However, in 1983, 44% of importsof bekko were obtained from Parties. A marked change was apparent by 1986,when only 18% of bekko was obtained from Parties, and increasing quantitieswere imported from non-Parties, particularly Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, theMaldives, the Solomon Islands and Singapore. Bekko traders have now decidednot to import from Party states, and there was no such import in 1988(Kaneko, in litt. , 10 March 1989). Thus, although CITES has not causedJapan to curtail its imports, it has forced it to look to alternativesuppliers. A note of caution should be sounded here, because some of theshell from the new suppliers almost certainly represents turtles from thesame populations that were previously exploited by the old exporters. Forinstance, the imports from Singapore are of shell from Indonesia, and muchof the Caribbean trade will simply have been re-routed. However, concernhas been expressed that Japan's attempts to comply with CITES has resultedin an increase in overall exploitation in the Caribbean.The other way of examining the impact of CITES on the Japanese importfigures is from the point of view of the exporters. Table 7 shows thequantities of bekko imported to Japan from different countries in relationto the year in which they joined CITES. In many cases, the year of joining38
177Q706050 -rsvn 403020cot-Japanese imports of Bekkor^^r^From CITES Parties ^1950—I1960 1970T1980Figure 1. Imports of unworked tortoiseshell (before 1962) and unworkedBekko (after 1962) recorded in Japanese Customs statistics in tonnes.39
Page 4 and 5: A publication of the Secretariat of
Page 7 and 8: CONTEMTSSARAWAK 314WEST MALAYSIA 31
Page 9 and 10: INTRODUCTIONSUMMARY1. Recent invest
Page 11 and 12: INTRODUCTIONoutboard motors, nylon
Page 13: .INTRODUCTIONSCOPE AND METHODSThe p
Page 16 and 17: ..INTRODUCTIONshown to deserve form
Page 18 and 19: INTRODUCTIONMARINE TURTLE BIOLOGY A
Page 20 and 21: ...INTRODUCTIONExcept for the nesti
Page 22: INTRODUCTION5 000 C. mydas nested i
Page 25 and 26: INTRODUCTIONMigration and philopatr
Page 27 and 28: INTRODUCTIONBut harvesting is rarel
Page 29 and 30: ..INTRODUCTIONIf the details of hom
Page 31 and 32: INTRODUCTIONrelatively large averag
Page 33 and 34: INTRODUCTIONMethods ofturtle exploi
Page 35 and 36: INTRODUCTIONextremely heavy harvest
Page 38 and 39: INTRODUCTIONmight otherwise have su
Page 40 and 41: INTRODUCTION"preservationists in th
Page 44 and 45: INTRODUCTIONAlthough in global term
Page 48 and 49: I u-> I I I I II l/^ I i CM i I >0
Page 50 and 51: INTRODUCTIONsuggested (e.g. Dodd ,
Page 52 and 53: INTRODOCTIOMone of the recorded cau
Page 54 and 55: INTRODUCTIONNote^: the "indication
Page 56 and 57: INTRODUCTIOMNevertheless, there is
Page 58 and 59: INTRODUCTIONbecause of over-exploit
Page 60 and 61: INTRODUCTIONConservation status and
Page 62 and 63: INTRODUCTIONTable 11, continued.Che
Page 64 and 65: INTRODUCTIONTable 11, continued.Che
Page 67 and 68: AMERICAN SAMOAPOPULATION:Chelonia m
Page 69 and 70: ANGOLAPOPULATION:Chelonla mydasNest
Page 71 and 72: ANGUILLAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNe
Page 73 and 74: ANGUILLALEGISLATIONTurtle Ordinance
Page 75 and 76: ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA(1978, cited in
Page 77 and 78: ARUBAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNesti
Page 79 and 80: ASCENSION AND ST HELENAForaging sit
Page 81 and 82: AUSTRALIAAUSTRALIA:QUEENSLANDPOPULA
Page 83 and 84: AUSTEtALIAEXPLOITATIONThe main spec
Page 85 and 86: AUSTEUI.IADomestic trade Commercial
Page 87 and 88: VsAUSTRALIAArchipelago, all off the
Page 89 and 90: AUSTRALIALEGISLATIONWildlife Conser
Page 91 and 92: BAHAMASPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNes
Page 93 and 94: BAHAMASTable 18. Green Turtle and H
Page 95 and 96: BAHRAINGreen Turtles are reported t
Page 97 and 98:
BANGLADESHCITES Annual Reports cont
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BARBADOSRANCHING/ HATCHERIESAn expe
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BELIZEForaging sites Whilst nesting
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BELIZEWildlife Protection Act 1981
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BERMUDAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNes
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BRAZILPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNest
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BRAZILPara are said to catch 0.2-0.
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BRAZILPortaria No. N-005, 31 Januar
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BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORIESFor
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BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDSPOPULATION:Ch
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BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDSEXPLOITATIONC
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BRUNEIPOPULATIONAccording to Harris
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BURMAegg collection, now support mi
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BURMATable 30. Marine turtle eggs c
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BURMADomestic trade Most of the egg
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CANARY ISLANDS(SPAIN)There is only
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CAYMAN ISLANDSPOPULATIONThe breedin
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CAYMAN ISLANDSTable 33. Direct expo
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CAYMAN ISLANDSTable 36. Imports of
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CAYMAN ISLANDS(E.G. Roet in litt. t
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CAYMAN ISLANDSThe Marine Conservati
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CHINA,PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OFPOPULATIO
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CHINA,PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OFHistorica
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COLOMBIACOLOMBIA:CASIBBBANPOPULATIO
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COLOMBIAEXPLOITATIONComnodity Green
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COLOMBIAconcerning permits for hunt
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COMORO ISLANDSJune. The peak appear
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CONGONo recent information is avail
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COOK ISLANDSPalmerston. About 50 tu
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COSTA RICATrends in nesting numbers
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COSTA RICATHREATSExploitation of tu
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COSTA RICACOSTA RICA:PACIFICPOPULAT
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CUBAPOPULATION: Chelonia mydas . Kr
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CUBAof 250 kg, 215 kg and 75 kg of
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CYPRUSPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasNes
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CYPRUSLEGISLATIONFisheries Regulati
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IXMnNICAPOPULATION:Chalonla mydasNe
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DOMINICALEGISLATIONTurtle Ordinance
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DOMINICAN REPUBLICTable 52. Estimat
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DOMINICAN REPUBLICTable S3. Officia
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DOMINICAN REPUBLIC"commercial". Thi
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ECUADORTHREATSNo information locate
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ECUADORHurtado notes some movement
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EGYPTEGYPT:MEDITERRANEANPOPULATIONA
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EGYPTcurios, but not, apparently, i
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EQUATORIAL GUINEAEQUATORIAL GUINEA:
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ETHIOPIAPOPULATION: Chelonia mydaa
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FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIAwere
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FIJIPOPULATIOK :Chelonia mydasNesti
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FIJIThere is little qualitative inf
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~H01 «1-1 3^ >Lie0)iH« 2O VI-U g
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FRENCH GUIANAPOPULATION:Chelonla my
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FRENCH GUIANAArrete Prefectoral No.
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FRENCH POLYNESIATable 66. Total tra
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FRENCH POLYNESIAshow exports of 425
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GAMBIANo information is available o
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GRENADA AND THE GRENADIAN GRENADINE
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GRENADA AND THE GRENADIAN GRENADINE
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GUADELOUPE AND DEPENDENCIESNesting
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GUAMPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNestin
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GUATEMALAGUATEMALA:CARIBBEANPOPULAT
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GUATEMALAEXPLOITATIONCommodity Corn
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GUINEA BISSAUNo information availab
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GUYANATHREATSReichart et al (198A)
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HAITIin view of the quantity of tor
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1973
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HAWAIITable
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HONDURASHONDURAS:CARIBBEANPOPULATIO
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HONDURASDomestic trade Green Turtle
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HONDURASestablishes closed seasons,
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HONG KONGTable 75. Sources of impor
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INDIANesting numbers Nesting number
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INDIATable 77. Domestic exports of
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INDIAEXPLOITATIONConmodlty Both C.
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INDIAThe Andamans E. imbricata popu
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INDONESIAPangumbahan (SW Java),beac
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. SulawesiINDONESIATable 81continue
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1INDONESIAharvests are low in the b
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INDONESIAlaid at Pangumbahan. Schul
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mydasINDONESIALemukutanAlthough Sal
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INDONESIATable 88. Known E^ jmbrira
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INDONESIAparts of Riau and in Sulaw
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INDONESIAP. Pesambung, and perhaps
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INDONESIAThe harvest of adult E. im
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1INDONESIAjewellery. Most of the to
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INDONESIAEven allowing for the fact
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INDONESIAJavaHawksbill rearing oper
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0000n00CM0001c o c-P00O03LiOaSILio
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INDONESIATable 97. Percentage by we
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IRANfresh; it seems lilcely that a
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ISRAELPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNest
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iIVORY COASTNo information availabl
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JAMAICAHunting intensity Official S
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JAPANPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNesti
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JAPANHunting methods Host of the tu
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I nIIII c^I u^f^ I i ^I o»—II r^
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I I lO I I I I< I I I10I I I I II I
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KAMPUCHEAAccording to Bourret (1941
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KENYAPOPULAT I ON :Chelonia mydasNe
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KENYAto Japan in 1976, 1977 and 197
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KIRIBATILine and Gilbert groups; Ba
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KIRIBATIcatching 200-300 Green turt
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KOREA,REPUBLIC OFTable 111. Destina
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LIBERIASome nesting by C. mydas has
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MADAGASCARevidence, Europa must mak
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. mydasMADAGASCARTable 112.Madagasc
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MADAGASCARTable llA. Imports of raw
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MALAYSIAMALAYSIA:SABAHPOPULATIOK :C
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MALAYSIA1983 bearing a Philippines
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MALAYSIAlogarithmically transformed
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MALAYSIACustoms (Prohibition of Imp
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MALAYSIATable 122. Reported egg pro
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MALAYSIAThe only period when signif
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MALAYSIAWEST MALAYSIAPOPULATION:Che
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MALAYSIAinterpreting yield data fro
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MALAYSIAand 1978 there was a substa
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MALAYSIATable 131. International tr
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MALAYSIAA fifth hatchery was starte
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MALDIVESNesting season Didi (1983)
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MALDIVESthe 15 000 tourists were es
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MARSHALL ISLANDS.REPUBLIC OFPOPULAT
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HAHTINIQUEPOPULATION :Chelonia myda
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MARTINIQUEDomingue" (Dominican Repu
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MAURITANIAHunting methods Turtles a
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MAURITIUS AND DEPENDENCIESTable 138
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MAURITIUS AND DEPENDENCIESTable 139
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MAYOTTKPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNes
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MAYOTTK1987) recorded A2 shells fro
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MEXICOTable 141. Nest sites and est
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MEXICOTable 1A2. Nest sites and est
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MEXICOCampeche As noted above, Camp
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MEXICOno production at all was reco
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MEXICONesting season Nesting season
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MEXICOUntil the 1950s tortoiseshell
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MEXICO( Chelonia mydas or perhaps E
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MEXICOfigures, and based on an offi
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AtMEXICOalthough Alvarado and Figue
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MEXICOorigin Cayman Islands to Hong
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HONTSERE(ATDomestic trade Jeffers a
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MOZAMBIQUESingar and Mefunvo, near
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NAMIBIAWhile C. mydas is known to e
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NETHERLANDS ANTILLESNETHERLANDS ANT
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NETHERLANDS ANTILLESNETHERLANDS ANT
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NETHERLANDS ANTILLESSt Maarten: Spe
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NEW CALEDONIAPOPULATION:Chelonia my
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NEW CALEDONIAHunting methods Some t
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NICARAGUANICARAGUA:CARIBBEANPOPULAT
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NICASAGUAwages. Nietschmann (1981)
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NICARAGUAThe figures for 1980-82 ac
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NIGERIANo information available. Bo
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NORTHERN MARIANAS,COMMONWEALTH OFPO
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OMANalthough the species compositio
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OMANHistorical trends There is no d
Page 407 and 408:
PAKISTANTable 153. Nesting emergenc
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PAKISTANbakeries who used them in b
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PALAU REPUBLICPOPULATION :Chelonia
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PALAU REPUBLICHunting methods Palau
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PANAMAPANAMA:CARIBBEANPOPULATION:Ch
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PANAMATable 155. Exports of tortols
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PANAMAEXPLOITATIONAccording to Corn
Page 421 and 422:
PAPUA NEW GUINEAfrom West Sepik. Pr
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PAPUA NEW GUINEAinvolves many taboo
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PERUGreen Turtles have never been p
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PHILIPPINESPOPULATION:Chelonia myda
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PHILIPPINESambiguous. Reyes ( in li
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PHILIPPINESHunting intensity In spi
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PHILIPPINESStuffing industry in Zam
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PHILIPPINESTable 166. Imports of "T
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PHILIPPINESThe remaining 60% may be
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PUERTO RICOPOPULATION :Chelonla myd
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PUERTO RICOLEGISLATIONReglajnento D
Page 443 and 444:
REUKION AND ILESBPARSESREUNIONReuni
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REUNION AND ILESEPARSESTable 169. H
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REUNION AND ILESEPARSESTable 169, a
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REUNION AND ILESEPARSESLe Gall et a
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REUNION AND ILBS EPARSBScatch. This
Page 453 and 454:
REUNION AND ILESEPARSESthe surface
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SAO TOME AND PRINCIPEVirtually no r
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SAUDI ARABIANesting numbers No deta
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SAUDI ARABIAMigration No specific i
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ISENEGALPOPULAT I ON :Chelonia myda
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SEYCHELLESPOPULATION:Chelonia mydas
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SEYCHELLESwould thus have included
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SEYCHELLESaround Lhe Mozambiqup Cha
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SEYCHELLESTable 176. continuedFrazi
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SEYCHELLESmeat could have been eate
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SEYCHELLESTable 177. continuedYear
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SEYCHELLESThe Seychelles submitted
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SEYCHELLESotherwise take possession
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SINGAPOREPOPULATIONWhile both C. my
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SINGAPOREwithoul a licence.Import o
Page 483 and 484:
SOLOMON ISLANDSManning Straits midw
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SOLOMON ISLANDSalso been a tendency
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SOMALIAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasNe
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SOMALIAwork, five 20-m nets. Remora
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SOUTH AFRICABoth C. mydas and E. im
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SRILANKAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasN
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SRILANKAHistorical trends Turtle ex
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SRILANKAhave ceased to nest on the
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STKITTS-NBVISTHREATSAccording to To
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ST LUCIAPOPULATION : Chelonia mydas
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STLUCIAA trader from St Lucia, Char
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ST VINCENT AND THE ST VINCENT GRENA
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SUDANPOPULATION :Chelonia mydaaTher
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SURINAMEPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNe
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SURINAHEBigisanti Beach except for
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SURINAMGTable 194. Estimates of the
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SURINAMEA proposal was prepared tuc
Page 517 and 518:
TAIWANTable 196. Destinations of ex
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TANZANIAPOPULATION:Chelonla mydaaNe
Page 521 and 522:
TANZANIAyear. Japanese Customs repo
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THAILANDPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNe
Page 525 and 526:
THAILANDEXPLOITATIONCommodity The p
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THAILANDDomestic trade Turtle eggs
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THAILANDimposed for failure to comp
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TOKBLAUPOPULATION:Chalonla mydasNes
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TONGAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasNest
Page 535 and 536:
TONGAInternational trade Tonga is n
Page 537 and 538:
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGOother observatio
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TRINIDAD AND TOBAGOand up to TT$8.0
Page 541 and 542:
TURKEYMigration In the absence of t
Page 543 and 544:
TURKS AND CAICOSISLANDSPOPULATION:C
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18-5TURKS AND CAICOSISLANDSturtles.
Page 547 and 548:
TUVALUturtles seen at sea or on the
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USAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNesting
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USAHunting intensity Since the liii
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mydasus PACIFIC ISLANDSJARVISISLAND
Page 555 and 556:
us VIRGIN ISLANDSTrends in nesting
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VANUATUPOPULATION Little informatio
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VENEZUELAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydas
Page 561 and 562:
VENEZUELAforaging in Venezuelan wat
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mydasVIET NAMPOPULATION: Chelonia m
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VIET NAMThe lurtlos grt-w to 12 ini
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WESTERN SAHARANo information availa
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WESTERN SAMOAEXPLOITATIONContimodit
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YEMEN, ARAB REPUBLICPOPULATIONFour
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YEMEN, PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
Page 575 and 576:
mydasYEMEN, PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REP
Page 577:
ZAIRENo recent information is avail
Page 580 and 581:
Gonioz,ACKNOWLKDGKMEMTSS.W. Garland
Page 582 and 583:
EarthlinesREFERENCESAnon. (I'JSJb).
Page 584 and 585:
ofREFERENCESBalnzB, G.H. (1985b). H
Page 586 and 587:
REFERENCESBrown, R.A., Harvey, G.C.
Page 588 and 589:
iREFERENCESCliffLon, K., Cornejo, D
Page 590 and 591:
REFERENCESFAO (1973). Report to the
Page 592 and 593:
REFERENCESGarnett, M.C. (1979?) The
Page 594 and 595:
REFERENCESHillstead, H.O., Richards
Page 596 and 597:
REFERENCESJenkins, R.W.G. (19/8). T
Page 598 and 599:
REFERENCESLeh, Charles M.U., Poon ,
Page 600 and 601:
REFERENCESMayL, K.ti. (1986). I'rol
Page 602 and 603:
REFERENCESMfosov::Ky, N. (1983). Co
Page 604 and 605:
REFERENCESPritchard, F.C.H. (1982a)
Page 606 and 607:
REFERENCESSchulz, J. P. (1984). Tuf
Page 608 and 609:
CentreREFERENCESUchida, I. (1980).
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